Deck 6: Becoming a Parent

Question 1

Evidence indicates that about ______ of all pregnancies are unplanned, and about one fourth of the unintended pregnancies are "mistimed."

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Current estimates show that the cost of having and rearing a child through the age of 17 averages ______.

A) $100,000
B) $144,000
C) $234,000
D) $289,000

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Aisha is interested in reducing the expenses associated with the birth and care of her new baby. Which of the following choices will help her meet her goal?

A) formula versus breastfeeding
B) "natural" childbirth versus planned "C-section"
C) disposable diapers versus diaper service
D) none of these choices change the cost substantially

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the past, voluntarily childless couples were often viewed with pity or concern. Today, about ______ of couples in the United States and ______ of couples in Germany are choosing the "childfree" state.

A) 18%; 25%
B) 15%; 30%
C) 25%; 7%
D) 25%; 18%

Question 5

Harmful agents (e.g., drugs, infections, diseases) that can damage the developing embryo are called ______.

A) teratogens
B) antagonists
C) toxic agents
D) endorphins

Question 6

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is characterized by abnormal facial features, growth deficiencies, and problems with the child's central nervous system. Which of the following statements best describes what we know about the cause of the disorder?

A) To cause FAS, a mother must ingest alcohol on multiple occasions.
B) To cause FAS, a mother must drink during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy.
C) To guarantee no FAS, a mother should avoid alcohol consumption.
D) If babies born to alcoholic mothers appear normal, they have no effects.

Question 7

Cindy is a smoker who is expecting a baby. According to the March of Dimes, Cindy is increasing her risk of delivering a preterm or underweight baby by ______. Her smoking also increases the likelihood that her baby will be stillborn.

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 100%
D) 200%

Question 8

About ______ of women experience some type of infertility problem.

A) 11%
B) 6%
C) 18%
D) 25%

Question 9

Although the majority of babies born with Down syndrome are born to women under the age of 30, the likelihood that a woman will deliver a baby with Down syndrome increases dramatically after about age ______.

A) 35
B) 40
C) 45
D) 50

Question 10

Of the following assisted reproductive technologies, ______ is the most common and occurs when sperm is placed by a catheter directly into the uterus.

A) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
B) intrauterine insemination (IUI)
C) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
D) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Question 11

Wendy and Daisuke used an assisted reproductive technology (ART) to overcome fertility problems. Using a laparoscope, the couple's embryologist placed Daisuke's sperm and Wendy's egg(s) into her fallopian tube. This ART technique is referred to as ______.

A) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
B) intrauterine insemination (IUI)
C) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
D) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Question 12

Using a new assisted reproductive technology technique, a single healthy sperm is selected and then injected into a single female egg. The zygote is then inserted into the woman for implantation. This technique is referred to as ______.

A) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
B) intrauterine insemination (IUI)
C) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
D) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Question 13

The sex chromosomes are the ______ pair.

A) 21st
B) 22nd
C) 23rd
D) 24th

Question 14

When an extra X chromosome is present in males (XXY), the condition is known as ______ and results in small testicles and reduced fertility.

A) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Cri du chat syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 15

An extra 21st chromosome causes ______, which results in particular facial features and a range of mental impairment.

A) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Cri du chat syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 16

When an X chromosome is completely missing in females, the condition is known as ______ and results in short stature and infertility.

A) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Cri du chat syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 17

When the fifth segment of the X chromosome is missing in males or females, the condition is known as ______ and results in a strange, high pitched cry in babies, along with other more severe symptoms.

A) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Cri du chat syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 18

"Miscarriages" are pregnancy losses that end before ______ weeks of gestation. Losses that happen later in the pregnancy are referred to as "stillbirths."

A) 8
B) 12
C) 16
D) 20

Question 19

As many as ______ of all pregnancies are believed to end in miscarriage--often before a mother is even aware she is pregnant.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 20

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg ______.

A) implants someplace other than the uterus
B) implants in the uterus, but does not develop a placenta
C) dies before implantation in the uterus
D) fails to divide as it travels down the fallopian tube

Question 21

Although the average first labor lasts ______ hr, labor is often shorter for second and subsequent births.

A) 10-12
B) 12-14
C) 14-16
D) 16-18

Question 22

Vaginal births are divided into stages. Stage 3 is ______.

A) pre-labor
B) labor
C) deliver of the baby
D) delivery of the placenta

Question 23

In 2016, almost a third of babies born were delivered by C-section in the United States. According to the American Medical Association, the rate of C-sections medically warranted is about ______. Unwarranted C-sections increase risks for mother and baby.

A) 50%
B) 25-50%
C) 35%
D) 20%

Question 24

Vanessa and her husband are making a birthing plan. Vanessa has read that using pain medications during childbirth can cause newborns to have problems with breastfeeding. Because she wants to avoid these medications, if at all possible, she is choosing the ______ method.

A) Bradley
B) Maldan
C) Grantly
D) Lamaze

Question 25

Newborn babies are considered premature if they are delivered prior to ______ weeks of gestation.

A) 37
B) 38
C) 39
D) 40

Question 26

"Very low birth weight" babies weigh less than ______ pound(s).

A) 0.3
B) 1.0
C) 3.3
D) 5.5

Question 27

The percentage of low birth weight African American newborns is ______ the rate found in non-Hispanic Whites.

A) one third
B) twice
C) half
D) equal to

Question 28

Some studies indicate that new mothers spend the equivalent of ______ hr or more per week working in the home.

A) 40
B) 60
C) 80
D) 100

Question 29

Sandra and Tom have been experiencing a drop in their marital satisfaction. Sandra thinks that having a baby would take them back to marital bliss and is considering getting pregnant without consulting Tom. Which of the following statements best describes the results that Sandra and Tom should expect?

A) Research confirms that marital satisfaction improves after the birth of a child.
B) Research indicates that couples experience a drop in satisfaction after the birth of a child.
C) Couples who planned their pregnancy maintained very high levels of marital satisfaction.
D) Research indicates that a new baby will neither increase nor decrease marital satisfaction.

Question 30

Most new moms appreciate help from their partners in caring for a newborn. However, as many as 20% of new mothers are hesitant to let their partners engage in any childcare responsibilities. These mothers are referred to as ______ moms.

A) alienated
B) reluctant
C) concierge
D) gatekeeper

Question 31

Current research indicates that the process of developing a parent-infant bond ______.

A) is a gradual process in which infant and caregiver get to know each other
B) occurs immediately after childbirth during a "sensitive" period
C) must occur first with mothers, and then may be followed by other caregivers
D) may be permanently harmed if newborns require any type of medical intervention

Question 32

Monique loves her new baby. It sometimes seems like she knows what he needs, even before he needs it. She quickly and consistently responds to his cries and usually knows just how to soothe him. Monique would be described as a(n) ______ caregiver.

A) indulgent
B) spoiling
C) sensitive
D) reactive

Question 33

Despite a long list of benefits and an endorsement by the American Academy of Pediatrics, many U.S. mothers still do not breastfeed their babies. Approximately ______ of newborns are breastfed right after birth and the percentage drops to only about ______ by the time the infants are 6 months of age.

A) 60%; 34%
B) 50%; 22%
C) 60%; 44%
D) 77%; 49%

Question 34

Inflammation of the breasts, most commonly caused by blocked milk ducts, is labeled ______.

A) mastitis
B) otitis media
C) rhinitis
D) myositis

Question 35

The majority of new mothers experience "baby blues," a feeling of letdown that subsides in a few days. A more serious condition called postpartum ______ is characterized by the loss of the ability to discern what is real and what is not. These mothers may experience delusions, hallucinations, and have obsessive thoughts about the baby.

A) depression
B) dissociation
C) psychosis
D) hypomania

Question 36

Within the United States, there are dramatic differences in infant mortality among African American women (11.10/1,000), non-Hispanic White women (4.95/1,000), and Hispanic women (4.99/1,000). A key reason for the difference is ______.

A) genetic vulnerabilities
B) poverty and access to prenatal care
C) racial prejudice
D) poor parenting

Question 37

Although the United States is the richest nation in the world as defined by per capita income, ______ European countries have lower rates of infant mortality.

A) all
B) half
C) one-third
D) two-thirds

Question 38

Immunizations account for saved lives and billions of dollars in savings for society. However, only about ______ of parents immunize their children against seven major childhood diseases.

A) 52%
B) 63%
C) 75%
D) 86%

Question 39

In a study of 600 couples, four types of parents were identified based on the pattern of advantages and disadvantages mentioned in the study. Which of the following scenarios would be labeled as "anti-children?"

A) The couple thinks children add excitement, but result in drastic lifestyle change, create many responsibilities, increase expenses and contribute to overpopulation.
B) The couple thinks children allow for a full family life, provide a source of love and affection, promote a sense of immortality, but also create worry and tension.
C) The couple has not thought much about having children.
D) none of these

Question 40

Women experience many changes during pregnancy. In an effort to have lower levels of parenting stress later on, it is advised that women ______.

A) resist the hormonal and emotional shifts
B) limit weight gain to avoid body-image issues
C) reduce stress and accept all of its changes
D) all of these

Question 41

A ______ is a woman who is inseminated with sperm from the male partner of the infertile couple, whereas a(n) ______ is a woman implanted with an embryo.

A) gestational carrier; surrogate
B) surrogate; gestational carrier
C) surrogate; embryonic carrier
D) none of these

Question 42

Examples of genetic diseases passed via recessive inheritance include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) cystic fibrosis
C) Huntington's disease
D) hemophilia

Question 43

A mother giving birth is experiencing severe pain and requires the use of pain medication. Through an IV, the doctor administers a(n) ______, providing pain relief without total loss of feeling or muscle movement.

A) anesthetic
B) analgesic
C) epidural
D) spinal block

Question 44

Janet is going in for a pregnancy checkup. The doctor reveals that she is 6 times more likely to give birth preterm. Which of the following scenarios might explain this increased likelihood?

A) Janet underwent IVF to conceive and the procedure is inherently risky.
B) Janet underwent IVF to conceive and it resulted in multiple embryos.
C) Janet has risky lifestyle factors such as smoking.
D) Janet is from India, where there is a high number of premature births.

Question 45

One mother has just given birth. She is limited to exposure with her infant to every 4 hr when she feeds the baby. Another mother has just given birth and is given her newborn right after birth for an hour plus additional 5 hr each of the next 3 days. According to Klaus and Kennell's (1972) research study, the second mother will exhibit ______ than the first.

A) more separation anxiety
B) less separation anxiety
C) less bonding with the newborn
D) more bonding with the newborn

Question 46

Which of the following populations have significantly lower rates of breastfeeding, contributing to what has been termed the "breast milk gap?"

A) adolescent mothers
B) mothers of unintended births
C) lower income mothers
D) all of these

Question 47

Which of the following is an ethical concern that might discourage the use of genetic testing?

A) predicting an offspring's susceptibility to illness
B) confirming the quality of parenting
C) violation of privacy or discrimination
D) helping make a major life decision

Question 48

Yolanda and Manuel are among the couples surveyed based on the pattern of advantages and disadvantages of having children. They had a long list of both advantages and disadvantages. As a result, they would be labeled as "indifferent."

Question 49

E-cigarettes are unregulated and deliver nicotine to the developing embryo, and thus should be avoided.

Question 50

Natalie is hoping to get pregnant with her second child. Her previous pregnancy, however, revealed a genetic problem. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an option to screen for certain genetic diseases to reduce risk this time around.

Question 51

Autism spectrum disorders are more common genetic disorders than Down syndrome.

Question 52

A prospective study showed results that the more peanuts and tree nuts the mothers consumed while pregnant, the less likely her child was to develop an allergy to those nuts.

Question 53

The single greatest risk to a baby during delivery is either hypoxia, a shortage of oxygen, or anoxia, total lack of oxygen. Under these conditions, the fetus could suffer brain damage or death.

Question 54

A C-section birth, while more expensive, can be beneficial in that it releases hormones that promote healthy lung function and aids in removing fluid from the lungs.

Question 55

China is the country identified with the second highest number of premature births.

Question 56

Supportive co-parenting has not been shown to have any significant ties to parental happiness with their spouse.

Question 57

Crispr-Cas9 provides the ability of make changes in DNA in order to design a child's genome. There have been cases in which parents have selected embryos in order to share their existing disability.

Question 58

List four changes that occur for parents after the birth of a child.

Question 59

Why might marital satisfaction tend to decrease after the birth of a child? What family processes are at work?

Question 60

Briefly describe the characteristics and possible consequences of postpartum depression, as well as possible treatment techniques.

Question 61

Where does America rank among other nations with regard to infant mortality? What accounts for that ranking and how can it be reduced?

Question 62

Identify and discuss two ethical issues associated with the advent of reproductive technology, addressing both positive and negative consequences.