Deck 1: Introduction: From Beliefs to Scientific Evidence

Question 1

The process by which children are taught the skills they will need to be successful adults in their culture is commonly referred to as ______.

A) behaviorism
B) assimilation
C) socialization
D) acculturation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

French historian Philippe Ariès studied portraits of children and adults to try to understand the life of children throughout time. He proposed that beliefs about children are ______.

A) consistent throughout history
B) social constructions and change over time
C) unique to each mother and father
D) not influenced by the family's culture

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to your text, early parenting research was limited and one-dimensional. This is due to the fact that early research focused only on ______.

A) survival and sustenance
B) monitoring and surveilling
C) social connectedness
D) parental love or discipline

Answer 3

D

Question 4

St. Augustine of Hippo developed the religious doctrine which stated that ______.

A) children were tainted by original sin
B) to spare the rod was to spoil the child
C) children became sinful if left undisciplined
D) children were free from original sin

Question 5

In terms of ideas about child discipline, which of the following religious leaders would be most likely to disagree with the others about how to punish a child?

A) John Wesley
B) Susannah Wesley
C) John Calvin
D) Horace Bushnell

Question 6

John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church, advocated frequent use of physical punishment. Today, the church he founded ______.

A) continues to support the use of physical discipline in the home
B) passed a policy against the use of physical discipline in the home and at school
C) suggests that physical discipline be used only as a last resort
D) no longer makes recommendations about disciplining children

Question 7

Evangeline loves her daughter Sarah dearly and believes that it is her duty to spank Sarah at the first sign of disobedience. Evangeline most likely believes that Sarah was born ______.

A) a blank slate
B) innocent and amoral
C) tainted with sin
D) a formless lump

Question 8

Viewing infants as a "blank slate" suggests that ______.

A) they are born without sin or virtue
B) genes are responsible for their outcomes
C) experience uniquely influences development
D) they are born innately evil

Question 9

If parents believe that children are born a "blank slate," they will most likely ______.

A) plan their children's experiences to shape development
B) treat their children as little kids so they will mature
C) allow their children to develop naturally with little guidance
D) use harsh discipline to break their children's will

Question 10

The French philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed that children ______.

A) had natural inclinations that were unaffected by parenting practices and experiences
B) were sinful and that parents had the responsibility of correcting the problem
C) were born as a "blank slate" and should be guided carefully through experiences
D) had positive inclinations and needed little help from parents to develop naturally

Question 11

John and Rachael believe that if they do not interfere, their son will instinctively grow into a caring and loving man. Their view of parenting most closely resembles the beliefs of ______.

A) John Watson
B) John Locke
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) John Calvin

Question 12

"Hardening" was a variety of practices advocated by John Locke to ______.

A) protect against infant mortality
B) determine an infant's intelligence
C) deter a child from nail biting
D) deny a willful child's protests

Question 13

A loving mother in the 17th century frequently immersed her infant son in cold water baths. She also dressed him in light clothes and thin shoes in the winter. Her actions were meant to ______ through the process Locke called "hardening."

A) break his innate willfulness
B) build his endurance and toughness
C) punish his original sin
D) promote his intelligence

Question 14

Luther Emmett Holt, the first prominent American pediatrician, advocated ______, but told mothers to avoid soothing their crying babies because it caused "nervousness."

A) spanking
B) consoling
C) kissing
D) breastfeeding

Question 15

The most widely read and influential child care manual ever written was authored by ______.

A) Dr. G. Stanley Hall
B) Dr. Benjamin Spock
C) Dr. Luther Emmett Holt
D) Dr. T. Berry Brazelton

Question 16

The earliest working psychology laboratory in the United States was established by ______.

A) G. Stanley Hall
B) John B. Watson
C) Luther Emmett Holt
D) Benjamin Spock

Question 17

G. Stanley Hall pioneered the use of ______ in research on children, parents, and adolescents.

A) case studies
B) questionnaires
C) naturalistic observation
D) experiments

Question 18

John Watson believed that ______ accounted for how children learned.

A) parental warmth
B) rewards and punishment
C) classical conditioning
D) innate characteristics

Question 19

Sally worried that when she spanked her son, it was more about her anger at his misdeed than her desire to correct his behavior. Her concern that the punishment was an outlet for parental aggression was shared by ______.

A) John B. Watson
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) John Calvin
D) John Wesley

Question 20

If parents agree with John B. Watson's beliefs about parenting and child development, they will likely ______.

A) worry little about the environment in which the child develops
B) pay close attention to the role of genetic inheritance
C) provide timely and contingent responses to their child's behavior
D) carefully attend to stimuli, but disregard responses

Question 21

According to the historian Lloyd deMause (1975), the further back in history we look, the more likely we are to find ______.

A) child-centered care in the upper classes
B) much higher levels of child maltreatment
C) careful consideration of children's needs
D) lower levels of maltreatment in the lower classes

Question 22

The "Code of Hammurabi" described ancient laws concerning unacceptable behavior including ______.

A) practices that promoted child health and safety
B) laws that protected children from injury by their father
C) child-centered practices promoted by the government
D) penalties for stealing children

Question 23

The earliest evidence of laws concerning parent-child relationships in ancient Mesopotamia revealed a "patriarchal" orientation toward offspring. This included the idea that children ______.

A) were the legal property of their father and had no rights of their own
B) had property rights only through their maternal lineage
C) had individual rights that were held above the rights of their mother
D) were subject to the rules of their biological fathers, but not an adopted father

Question 24

According to evidence taken from tomb paintings, hieroglyphics, and archeological digs, child-rearing in ancient Egypt (ca. 3000-100 BCE) was ______.

A) parent-centered
B) child-centered
C) permissive
D) strict

Question 25

In Greek families of the classical era (490-323 BCE), children were viewed as ______.

A) property to be protected
B) unimportant and expendable
C) innocent, loving, and playful
D) sinful and willful beings

Question 26

Over 10 centuries, Chinese girls were subjected to the practice of ______. According to your text, mothers performed the practice to make their daughters beautiful and marriageable.

A) flower water baths
B) litchi baths
C) calming meditation
D) foot binding

Question 27

In some countries, male circumcision, a common practice in the United States, is considered genital mutilation. Which of the following comments best explains these different characterizations?

A) Non-U.S. cultures are ignorant regarding appropriate parenting practices.
B) Parenting decisions are greatly influenced by shared cultural beliefs.
C) Superior surgical procedures in the United States increase the value of circumcision.
D) Only American parents use scientific research to support parenting decisions.

Question 28

The ancient Roman doctrine of "patria potestas" gave fathers ______.

A) the right to kill anyone in the household, including grown children
B) the responsibility to educate the males in their household
C) the right to pass property to their daughter's offspring
D) the responsibility to provide a dowry for their daughters

Question 29

Which of the following statements is most true regarding child labor in the United States?

A) Evidence indicates that as many as 5% of teenagers work in dangerous conditions.
B) Labor laws and compulsory education greatly reduced child labor in the United States.
C) The United States and many other countries in the world still have serious child labor problems.
D) The United States has totally eradicated problematic child labor practices.

Question 30

At age 14, Matthew needs to get a job to contribute to the family income. Regardless of where he lives in the world, his most likely industry will be ______.

A) technology
B) construction
C) entertainment
D) agriculture

Question 31

Jeanell searched the Internet for information on how she could help a 5-year-old learn to read. Although the Internet may provide her with access to sound scientific articles on the subject, she should be wary of ______.

A) published ideas that have no scientific or reasonable basis
B) expert advice based on replicated studies with large samples
C) expert endorsements of products and services for parents
D) scientific parenting research published in online journals

Question 32

In 1989, the United Nations created the Convention on the Rights of the Child. According to your text, which of the following countries has NOT ratified the convention?

A) The United States
B) Somalia
C) South Sudan
D) Afghanistan

Question 33

The first "child study" center created in Iowa to do scientific research was funded after Cora Bussey Hillis argued that ______.

A) private funding for child-rearing research was inadequate and state funding was needed
B) if the state funded research on breeding hogs, it should also fund research on children
C) children are our most precious resource and research would increase our understanding
D) only through scientific research would parents learn to raise better citizens

Question 34

Scientific research on child development and parenting began to regularly appear in journals during the ______.

A) 1920s
B) 1930s
C) 1940s
D) 1950s

Question 35

Jane Rankin authored a book that compared the advice of five child-rearing experts on six common child-rearing issues. An important influence on their advice appeared to be the ______.

A) data they interpreted from scientific studies
B) lay theories the expert held before experimentation
C) years of experience they had working with children
D) political philosophy they held (e.g., liberal or conservative)

Question 36

Lila sought advice on how to discipline her daughter from several well-known experts. According to your text, she will likely receive ______.

A) inconsistent information based on the expert's political philosophy
B) consistent information from all the child-rearing experts
C) inconsistent information based on the expert's academic training
D) inconsistent information based on data from scientific research

Question 37

Ethan and Sarah are political conservatives. If they follow the advice of child-rearing experts who are also political conservatives, they will likely receive ______.

A) suggestions that are closely related to those provided by experts who are liberals
B) suggestions that differ dramatically from those provided by experts who are liberals
C) the same suggestions as those provided by experts who are liberals
D) suggestions that are not influenced by the political philosophy of the experts

Question 38

Our current understanding of parenting differs from parenting beliefs because it is based on ______.

A) philosophical constructs
B) lay theories
C) facts from religious texts
D) empirical findings

Question 39

Most commonly, authorities on parenting get their information about how to parent from ______.

A) sacred texts
B) historical accounts
C) personal experience
D) other experts

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT an example of the fundamental task of monitoring and surveillance as identified by Bradley?

A) watching a child interact with their friends
B) coaching a child through a difficult situation
C) collecting information about the child's interests
D) communicating with the child

Question 41

All of the following theistic religions share and emphasis on the family and encourage attention to their children EXCEPT ______.

A) Judaism
B) Islam
C) Christianity
D) Scientology

Question 42

A mother inspired by premodern physicians administers a treatment by giving their infant a warm bath and diluted wine. This antiquated pediatric treatment was thought to ______.

A) result in good health
B) treat excessive hair
C) soothe teething
D) cure bedwetting

Question 43

Which of the following does NOT correctly match the Psychologist with their respective, key contribution regarding children?

A) Adler--individual psychology
B) Piaget--behaviorism
C) Freud--psychosexual development
D) Erikson-psychosocial stage theory

Question 44

Early landmark studies into parenting used all of the following methods EXCEPT ______.

A) interview
B) questionnaire
C) random assignment
D) observation

Question 45

Susannah Wesley's rules for child-rearing, from 1732, addressed which of the following topics?

A) daily routines
B) morality
C) punishment
D) all of these

Question 46

Which of the following authorities on parenting did not actually father a child, and thus did not have any personal parenting experience upon which he based his views?

A) Aristotle
B) Dr. Holt
C) Locke
D) Dr. Spock

Question 47

Nathaniel, a father of two, always takes a deep breath and considers his options when his children act out. He believes that ______ is a misguided parenting practice because it occurred well after the misbehavior, so it was not contingent.

A) conditioning
B) spanking
C) time-in
D) positive reinforcement

Question 48

Informal and unscientific beliefs about what children are like and parental influence on development are referred to as ______ theories.

A) misguided
B) lay
C) paternal
D) random

Question 49

Today, child labor can still be found in which of the following industries?

A) aerospace
B) agriculture
C) animation
D) academia

Question 50

Paul is an adopted child. One day, he accidentally drops a vase on his adoptive mother's foot. According to Code 186 in the Code of Hammurabi, Paul would be ______.

A) returned back to his biological father's house
B) grounded for the rest of the week
C) lectured extensively on carelessness
D) sentenced to death

Question 51

Ariès's thesis regarding child development has received scrutiny from historians due to its reliance on visual evidence from artists.

Question 52

In China, Confucius founded the idea of maintaining family izzat, or pride, as an important value and determinant of behavior in families.

Question 53

The idea that soothing or playing with children would cause "nervousness" in children was originated by Dr. Holt.

Question 54

Soviet psychologist Ivan Pavlov made famous classical conditioning with his experiment with infant Little Albert. In his experiment, the rat went from an unconditioned stimulus to a conditioned stimulus by pairing the sighting of the rat with a loud sound, acting as a neutral stimulus.

Question 55

Ethnotheories are beliefs about how children develop differently based strictly on their ethnicity.

Question 56

The Qur'an promotes character development and about one third of the injunctions in the Islamic text are related to the family.

Question 57

The Smith family subscribe to the idea of interdependence among all of its members. They rely on each other to achieve various household chores and for emotional support. The Smith family can be said to have a philosophy in line with that of Confucianism.

Question 58

The doctrine of original sin was derived from how Adam and Eve disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden by choosing to eat the forbidden fruit.

Question 59

An early landmark study by Baldwin, Kalhorn, and Breese interviewed 150 children in their families. The key finding in this study was that parents who were authoritarian in their child-rearing styles had the most competent children.

Question 60

New parenting studies are limited to about a dozen or so journals, so there is a great need for the establishment of new scientific journals within which empirical research can continue.

Question 61

Briefly explain how Rousseau's view of child-rearing was captured by the metaphor of gardening.

Question 62

Why is the current study of parenting practices described as "heterogeneous?"

Question 63

Compare the child-rearing views of early Christian religious leaders such as John Calvin with the views of the John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Question 64

List and describe problems regarding two different sources of information about children and child-rearing in today's modern world.

Question 65

How do you evaluate the validity of advice concerning how to rear a child?