Deck 13: What Can Anthropology Tell Us About Globalization

Question 1

Creating a reserve for the Panará had what effect?

A) The Panará abandoned their gardens and were begging food from truck drivers within months of their relocation.
B) After a sharp decline in population, they were moved to a safer location and their population began to increase.
C) They eventually received a legal settlement for damages resulting from unsupervised contact with outside society.
D) All of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

By 1996, populations of indigenous Amazonian peoples

A) Were extinct.
B) Were growing in size.
C) Numbered together about 280,000.
D) Both b and c

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The example of the Kayapó in Brazil demonstrates that indigenous people

A) Are helpless "victims of progress."
B) Can ally themselves with one another to defend environmental, human, and tribal rights.
C) Need strong representation in the national congress to succeed.
D) Can succeed despite a lack of political skill.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

After the end of the Cold War, a new view of international development emerged that relied on international institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to encourage nation-states to achieve prosperity by finding a niche in the growing global capitalist market. This view is called

A) Modernization theory.
B) Dependency theory.
C) Developmentalism.
D) Neoliberalism.

Question 5

According to Arturo Escobar, the "new social movements" in Latin America are

A) Struggles over material conditions.
B) Struggles over meanings.
C) Attempts by people who have been marginalized in the "development" schemes of outsiders to build alternative forms of modern life.
D) All of the above.

Question 6

The borderland between Mexico and the United States has been a focus of attention in which of the following theories?

A) Modernization theory.
B) Dependency theory.
C) World-system theory.
D) Globalization theory.

Question 7

Stratified reproduction refers to

A) A hierarchy of modes of production when applied to the future of the next generation.
B) A postmodern approach to politics that refers to the class struggle in formerly autonomous societies.
C) A global process in which some categories of people are empowered to reproduce and others are not.
D) The effect of a postnational ethos on birth rates.

Question 8

The reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale is

A) Globalization.
B) Modernization.
C) Neocolonialism.
D) World-system development.

Question 9

Among the consequences of space-time compression is

A) Making it easier to move people and things around the world.
B) Stretching social relationships over huge distances.
C) The capacity to reach any part of the world.
D) All of the above.

Question 10

Anthropologists approach globalization from the perspective of

A) Bureaucracies and nation-states.
B) Outside observers of the process.
C) Those among whom they do their research.
D) Clients who hire them to do applied research in firms and agencies that are working globally.

Question 11

Which of the following is a social arrangement where globalization is seen?

A) Immigration.
B) Tourism.
C) Transnational corporations.
D) All of the above.

Question 12

According to the anthropologist Arjun Appadurai, globalization is basically

A) Systematic.
B) Disorganized.
C) Unpredictable.
D) Both b and c

Question 13

A characteristic of Western modernity has been

A) Massive global displacements of people.
B) The emergence of a single world business and communication language.
C) An increasingly orderly way of life.
D) The rise of strong nation-states that can effectively police their boundaries.

Question 14

Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world are called

A) Immigrants.
B) Diasporas.
C) Nationalists.
D) Transnationalists.

Question 15

In recent years, political candidates from Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere have come to the United States to seek votes from citizens of those countries who have migrated to the United States. According to the text, likely voters (who in some cases can vote from the United States; in other cases they must return to their homeland to vote) can be called

A) Dual nationals.
B) A transborder citizenry.
C) Guilty of voter fraud.
D) Contemporary voting elites.

Question 16

There is a move by some transborder citizenries to call for the establishment of new political forms that represent the realities of their experiences of national identity. These new forms are called

A) Regional carriers.
B) Transnational nation-states.
C) Substantive citizenship.
D) Flexible citizenship.

Question 17

During the last half of the twentieth century, the countries of ________ were the target of large waves of immigration from all over the world.

A) Asia.
B) Europe.
C) The Middle East.
D) Africa.

Question 18

The French approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

A) Toleration in the exercise of their cultural differences as long as they do not disrupt law and order or expect to become French.
B) All the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt French culture and language.
C) Work and legal protection but not citizenship.
D) Increasing autonomy as they assert their rights.

Question 19

The British approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

A) Toleration in the exercise of their cultural differences as long as they do not disrupt law and order or expect to become British.
B) All the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt British culture and language.
C) Work and legal protection but not citizenship.
D) Increasing autonomy as they assert their rights.

Question 20

The German approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

A) Toleration in the exercise of their cultural differences as long as they do not disrupt law and order or expect to become French.
B) All the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt German culture and language.
C) Work and legal protection but not citizenship.
D) Increasing autonomy as they assert their rights.

Question 21

According to Aihwa Ong, the ways in which overseas Chinese business families seek both to benefit from and get around different nation-state regimes illustrates

A) Flexible citizenship.
B) The rise of transnational nation-states.
C) Substantive citizenship.
D) Great business skills.

Question 22

Aihwa Ong writes that wealthy overseas Chinese elites are loyal to the family business, not whichever nation-state they are living in. She calls this

A) Governmentality.
B) Substantive citizenship.
C) A postnational ethos.
D) Multiculturalism.

Question 23

Living permanently in settings surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from your own and struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices of different groups should or should not be accorded respect and recognition by the wider society is a definition of

A) Multiculturalism.
B) Globalization.
C) Postnational ethos.
D) Flexible citizenship.

Question 24

It has been suggested that the global language of social justice at the beginning of the twenty-first century is the discourse of

A) Citizenship.
B) A postnational ethos.
C) Globalization theory.
D) Human rights.

Question 25

Arguments that pit human rights against culture depend on the assumption that

A) Cultures are homogeneous.
B) Cultures are unchanging.
C) Each society has one culture that its members have to follow.
D) All of the above.

Question 26

If people are believed to have no choice but to follow the rules of the culture into which they were born, then

A) International interference with customs that violate international human rights violate the right of members of the group to practice their own customs.
B) They should be protected from interference by outsiders who do not share their cultural beliefs and practices.
C) They must change the rules to eliminate human rights violations.
D) Both a and b

Question 27

A strong defense of distinctive "cultural values" against the discourse of human rights may under some conditions be

A) A political tactic to resist international criticism of internal repression.
B) An inconsistent approach to elements of westernization.
C) A way of using "culture" as a scapegoat for the unwillingness of a government to extend rights for noncultural reasons.
D) All of the above.

Question 28

To argue that all peoples have a human right to maintain their own distinct culture is to assume that

A) Cultural diversity is valuable in itself.
B) Such things as universal human rights exist.
C) International bodies such as the United Nations are obliged to intervene to protect the rights of groups.
D) Both a and b

Question 29

In discussions of the right to culture in international treaties, the responsibility for defending the culture of the rights-bearing person is

A) His or her own.
B) The nation-state's.
C) The international organization's.
D) Not recognized in international treaties.

Question 30

As anthropologists have begun to study "the culture of human rights," they have come to see the central role played by

A) Law.
B) Politics.
C) International development agencies.
D) Citizenship.

Question 31

Which of the following are key features of the human rights worldview?

A) It focuses on the rights of individuals.
B) It proposes to relieve human suffering through mechanical rather than ethical solutions.
C) It emphasizes rights over duties.
D) All of the above are key features.

Question 32

To fit the way human rights laws are written, indigenous people often have to

A) Get law degrees to protect themselves.
B) Portray their cultures in ways that are different from their own everyday understandings.
C) Learn the language of the courts.
D) Do all of the above.

Question 33

In both Hawaii and New Zealand, programs to control violence against women that were imported from the United States

A) Have not been successful, despite the legal system's best efforts.
B) Have not been successful because they were introduced without assistance from the U.S. trainers.
C) Were strongly supported on religious grounds.
D) Were modified in each place to take account of local problems and practices.

Question 34

The idea that some cultures dominate others, leading to the destruction of the subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power, is called

A) Cultural imperialism.
B) Ethnocide.
C) Globalization.
D) Cultural evolution.

Question 35

For some people, blue jeans, McDonald's hamburgers, rock and roll, and Coca-Cola are seen as destroying local practices. They call this process

A) The expansion of U.S. popular culture.
B) Cultural imperialism.
C) Market exchange.
D) Cultural hybridity.

Question 36

Why are many anthropologists convinced that cultural imperialism is not an adequate explanation for the spread of Western cultural forms?

A) Cultural imperialism denies agency to non-Western people.
B) Cultural imperialism assumes that non-Western cultural forms never move to the West.
C) Cultural imperialism ignores the evidence that sometimes the West is bypassed as cultural forms move from one part of the non-Western world to other parts.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 37

When people borrow ideas, practices, or objects from elsewhere, they usually modify them so that they fit into the local way of life. A common anthropological term describing this process is

A) Adjustment.
B) Indigenization.
C) Cultural imperialism.
D) Cosmopolitanism.

Question 38

Many anthropologists observe that cultural borrowing is often a double-edge process because

A) Borrowed cultural practices can have unanticipated consequences.
B) The original group may borrow something in return.
C) The borrowed practice may be dangerous.
D) The people who borrow may not know how to use what they have borrowed.

Question 39

The anthropologist Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld makes the case that when Otavalo weavers purchased TV sets and indoor cookstoves, they were

A) Trying to imitate a Western lifestyle that they had learned about on their travels.
B) Succumbing to cultural imperialism.
C) Trying to increase the output of their traditional weaving businesses.
D) Improving the economy of the Ecuadorian state.

Question 40

Many contemporary anthropologists call the contemporary process of intensified globalized cultural exchange

A) Hybridity.
B) Diffusion
C) Cultural imperialism.
D) Modernist discourse.

Question 41

Why, according to some anthropologists, is the concept of cultural hybridity almost a good idea?

A) The concept of cultural hybridity still assumes that two or more nonhybridized, original cultures exist prior to the cultural mixing.
B) The effects of cultural hybridity are experienced differently by those with power and those without power.
C) Emphasizing cultural hybridity can hide class exploitation and racial oppression.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 42

Being at ease in more than one cultural setting is called

A) Cosmopolitanism.
B) Hybridity.
C) Postmodernist discourse.
D) Cultural relativism.

Question 43

According to Pnina Werbner, cultural processes that lead to ethnicity are based on a politics that assumes

A) Coercive unity.
B) The legitimacy of difference.
C) Substantive citizenship.
D) Modernity.

Question 44

What makes possible an Indian cosmopolitanism that, according to Arjun Appadurai, has been effective in preventing religious strife in India in the past?

A) An indigenized and domesticated Indian secularism.
B) The power of traditional Hindu beliefs in Mumbai (Bombay).
C) The legacy of British cultural imperialism.
D) Long years of cooperation between Hindus and Muslims in the business sector of Mumbai (Bombay).

Question 45

Anthropological studies of social, political, and economic change provide considerable evidence that

A) Human beings are passive in the face of the new.
B) Human beings actively and resiliently respond to life's challenges.
C) Indigenous peoples are everywhere doomed to extinction in the face of the expansion of the capitalist world system.
D) Without the direction provided by theorists of social change from the "developed" world, ordinary citizens of "underdeveloped" lands cannot organize themselves in the face of diversity.

Question 46

Open-ended negotiation across cultural and political divides can lead not only to cosmopolitan cultural practices but also to polarization and tends to be full of conflict and contradiction. The anthropologist Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing refers to this phenomenon as

A) Cultural hybridity.
B) Syncretism.
C) Friction.
D) Reterritorialization.

Question 47

According to Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, which of the following statements does NOT describe how the Indonesian rainforest had to be transformed before lumber interests could begin to cut it down?

A) The forest had to be "simplified" into "species valuable for plywood manufacture" and "waste."
B) The forest had to be reconfigured as a "sustainable resource" that could be replaced later by industrial tree plantations.
C) Local forest dwellers had to be physically removed from wooded areas to give loggers access.
D) Destruction of the rainforest had to be linked to nation-building.

Question 48

According to Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, which of the following statements about how a strong Indonesian environmental movement came into existence is true?

A) Western environmentalists traveled to Indonesian forest villages and organized villagers to protest against logging.
B) Indonesian government officials interested in environmental issues traveled to the forest villages and protested alongside the villagers.
C) The Indonesian environmental movement was an amalgam of odd parts: engineers, nature lovers, reformers, and technocrats.
D) Rainforest villagers who organized to defend their forests met directly with President Suharto of Indonesia, who agreed to meet most of their demands to avoid bad publicity.

Question 49

The concept of vernacular statecraft suggests that local communities

A) Insist that they be subject to top-down forms of management.
B) Are subject to state manipulation.
C) May repurpose the administrative procedures of the state when its institutions are weak, unreliable, or absent.
D) Model their local governmentality in terms of colonial intrusion.

Question 50

Dependency theorists argue that the inability of people in Third World countries to feed themselves is the direct outcome of the international capitalist economic order. On what grounds do they base this conclusion?

Question 51

In capitalism, time is money. In subsistence agriculture, time is the surplus left after people have produced enough food and seed for the next season. Discuss, illustrating with examples.

Question 52

What are the major theoretical perspectives that anthropologists have used to try to explain the relationship between the West and the rest of the world? In what ways are they alike? On what points do they differ?

Question 53

Is it inevitable that sooner or later all people everywhere will be captured by the capitalist market? Give examples to support your answer.

Question 54

In recent years, anthropologists have written a great deal about international migration. Why? What it its significance in the world? What is its significance for anthropology?

Question 55

Discuss the concepts of nationalism and citizenship as they are developing under the effects of globalization. Use examples from the text in your discussion.

Question 56

What are the different approaches to human rights that have been the focus of attention among anthropologists?

Question 57

Can human rights and globalization coexist? Why or why not?

Question 58

Discuss cultural imperialism, cultural hybridity, and cosmopolitanism. How do anthropologists define these concepts, how are they related, and why are they important in contemporary anthropological discussions of globalization?

Question 59

How may we use the concept of vernacular statecraft to explain how indigenous communities throughout Ecuador are now able to come together to challenge state power?