Question 1

Diabetes is the leading cause of ______ among adults (CDC, 2013c).&#10;A) kidney failure&#10;B) lower-limb amputations (other than those caused by injury)&#10;C) new cases of blindness&#10;D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Diabetes can lead to various complications, including kidney failure, lower-limb amputations not caused by injury, and new cases of blindness, making all of these correct.

Question 2

Research indicates that around ______ of females provide informal care compared to around ______ of males (Mathiowetz and Oliker, 2005). members.&#10;A) 3.1%, 1.6%&#10;B) 7.6%, 3.2%&#10;C) 1.6%, 3.1%&#10;D) 3.2%, 7.6%

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

Finish off this sentence. In T2DM ______&#10;A) blood glucose homeostasis ceases to function because the beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed.&#10;B) blood glucose homeostasis ceases to function because the glucagon cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed.&#10;C) the pancreas loses its ability to secrete enough insulin in response to meals or to control the body's glucose level.&#10;D) the pancreas overproduces insulin in response to meals leading to suppression of the body's glucose level.

Accepted Answer

In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce enough insulin in response to meals, which is crucial for controlling blood glucose levels. This is different from Type 1 Diabetes, where the beta cells are destroyed, leading to an absolute insulin deficiency.

Question 4

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), formerly called:&#10;A) juvenile diabetes&#10;B) genetic diabetes&#10;C) adult-onset diabetes&#10;D) lifestyle onset diabetes

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus was formerly called juvenile diabetes because it often begins in childhood, although it can also start in adults. This name highlights its early onset compared to Type 2 diabetes, which is more common in adults and often associated with lifestyle factors.

Question 5

CFS can affect adults, children and adolescents. Between ______ of children or adolescents suffer from CFS.&#10;A) 0.1% and 0.5%&#10;B) 0.2% and 2.3%&#10;C) 0.5% and 1.3%&#10;D) 2% and 5%

Accepted Answer

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) can affect individuals of all ages, including children and adolescents. Studies and clinical observations suggest that the prevalence of CFS in children and adolescents ranges between 0.2% and 2.3%. This range accounts for the variability in diagnostic criteria and methods of study across different populations and healthcare settings.

Question 6

A ME/CFS diagnosis can be made:&#10;A) using lab biomarkers for ME/CFS&#10;B) after a blood test&#10;C) after an MRI scan of the brain&#10;D) only after other conditions have been excluded.

Accepted Answer

ME/CFS (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) is a complex, chronic illness that is diagnosed by excluding other conditions that could cause similar symptoms. There are no specific lab biomarkers, blood tests, or MRI scans that can definitively diagnose ME/CFS.

Question 7

Thirty years ago, agroup of psychiatrists offered a hypothesis based on the Biopsychosocial Model in which ME/CFS is constructed as a ______ illness.&#10;A) psychological&#10;B) physiological&#10;C) psychosocial illness&#10;D) none of these

Accepted Answer

The Biopsychosocial Model integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness. ME/CFS (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) being constructed as a "psychosocial illness" aligns with this model, as it considers both psychological and social influences on the disease, rather than purely biological (physiological) or solely psychological factors.

Question 8

According to critics, the PACE Trial team are operating within a:&#10;A) exploratory research design where they are trying to explore the outcomes of various interventions.&#10;B) closed system or groupthink in which they 'know' their theory is correct&#10;C) research design where they are trying to replicate pre-existing the outcomes of various interventions&#10;D) none of these

Accepted Answer

Critics argue that the PACE Trial team operates within a closed system or groupthink, where they are convinced of the correctness of their theory, often leading to a lack of openness to criticism or alternative viewpoints.

Question 9

The ______ of Jason et al. (1999, 2010, 2017) proposes that people with ME/CFS need to balance their perceived and expended energy levels.&#10;A) spoon theory&#10;B) balance scale theory&#10;C) envelope theory&#10;D) equilibrium theory

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is the envelope theory, which suggests that individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) should manage their energy carefully, staying within their "energy envelope" to avoid exacerbating their symptoms.

Question 10

Mihelicova et al., 2015 analyzed the narratives of parent-carers using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results revealed themes of:&#10;A) identity change, guilt, feeling like outsiders,&#10;B) coping mechanisms&#10;C) uncertainty&#10;D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Mihelicova et al., 2015, through their analysis using interpretative phenomenological analysis, identified several themes in the narratives of parent-carers. These themes included identity change, guilt, feeling like outsiders (reflecting the personal and social challenges faced by parent-carers), coping mechanisms (highlighting the strategies employed to manage their situations), and uncertainty (capturing the unpredictability and concerns about the future). Therefore, all the options listed are themes that were revealed in their research findings.

Deck 23: Long-Term Conditions: Diabetes and Mecfs