Question 1

. By the end of 2014, an estimated ______ people were living with HIV worldwide, an increase of 24% since 2001.&#10;A) 10.7 million&#10;B) 25.4 million&#10;C) 36.9 million&#10;D) 42.1 million

Accepted Answer

By the end of 2014, an estimated 36.9 million people were living with HIV worldwide, reflecting a significant increase since 2001, largely due to the global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy.

Question 2

Around ______ of all people living with HIV do not know that they have the virus (Figure 23.2).&#10;A) 20%&#10;B) 30%&#10;C) 40%&#10;D) 50%

Accepted Answer

Approximately 40% of people living with HIV are unaware of their status, highlighting the need for increased testing and awareness efforts.

Question 3

cART refers to the use of combinations of antiretroviral drugs with different mechanisms of action to treat HIV. Which of the following statements is true?&#10;A) cART stops weakening of the immune system and allows it to recover from any damage that HIV might have caused.&#10;B) cART eliminates the virus&#10;C) cART has to be taken every day for the rest of a person's life.&#10;D) both cART stops weakening of the immune system and allows it to recover from any damage that HIV might have caused. and cART has to be taken every day for the rest of a person's life.

Accepted Answer

cART, or combination antiretroviral therapy, does not eliminate the HIV virus but it can significantly slow the progression of the disease by stopping the virus from replicating. This helps in preventing the weakening of the immune system and allows it to recover, but it requires continuous daily administration to maintain its effectiveness.

Question 4

Following the arrival of cART, people at risk might increase the already high rate of unprotected sex. This phenomenon is known as:&#10;A) risk-reward&#10;B) risk aversion&#10;C) risk compensation&#10;D) risk assessment

Accepted Answer

Risk compensation refers to the phenomenon where individuals adjust their behavior in response to the perceived level of risk, often becoming less cautious when they feel more protected, such as after the introduction of combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) for HIV/AIDS.

Question 5

Ammassari et al. (2001) found that ______ was independently associated with cART non-adherence.&#10;A) symptom severity&#10;B) running out of pills&#10;C) unemployment&#10;D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Ammassari et al. (2001) found that symptom severity, running out of pills, and unemployment were all independently associated with non-adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Each of these factors can contribute to the complexity of managing HIV treatment and adherence to medication regimens.

Question 6

Adopting a structural approach, Parker and Aggleton (2003) conceptualized stigmatization as intimately linked to the ______.&#10;A) reproduction of social difference&#10;B) reproduction of individual difference&#10;C) recreation of social difference&#10;D) recreation of individual difference

Accepted Answer

Parker and Aggleton (2003) conceptualized stigmatization as intimately linked to the reproduction of social difference, highlighting how stigma serves to maintain and reinforce existing social inequalities and distinctions.

Question 7

The National AIDS Trust (2011) reported that ______ people still did not realize that HIV infection can be passed on through sex without a condom between a man and a woman.&#10;A) 1 in 3&#10;B) 1 in 5&#10;C) 1 in 10&#10;D) 1 in 20

Accepted Answer

The National AIDS Trust in 2011 reported that 1 in 5 people did not realize that HIV infection can be passed on through sex without a condom between a man and a woman.

Question 8

Which of the following statements are false (select all that apply):&#10;A) HIV can be transmitted via unprotected intercourse&#10;B) HIV can be transmitted via kissing&#10;C) HIV can be transmitted via mother-fetus transmission&#10;D HIV can be transmitted via breastfeeding transmission&#10;E) HIV can be transmitted via spitting

Accepted Answer

HIV cannot be transmitted through saliva in the context of kissing or spitting. The virus is present in very low quantities in saliva, not enough to cause infection through these routes. Transmission primarily occurs through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

Question 9

Lubek et al. (2005) found that averaged over seven years, ______ of the female beer promotion women in Cambodia are seropositive for HIV/AIDS.&#10;A) 10%&#10;B) 15%&#10;C) 20%&#10;D) 25%

Accepted Answer

Lubek et al. (2005) found that 20% of the female beer promotion women in Cambodia were seropositive for HIV/AIDS when averaged over seven years.

Deck 22: HIV Infection and Aids: the Pinnacle of Stigma and Victim Blaming