Question 1

Engel (1977) proposed a biopsychosocial model (BPSM) that ______.&#10;A) offers an open invitation to health care practitioners to consider psychological and social experience as complementary with the biological condition of the physical body&#10;B) does not meet the necessary criteria for a scientific model which would be the capability to explain and predict observed phenomena&#10;C) has provided a rationale, a banner for the role of emotion, thought and behaviour in the study of health and illness&#10;D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Engel's biopsychosocial model (BPSM) integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness, inviting healthcare practitioners to consider these aspects comprehensively. It has been influential in expanding the study of health beyond purely biological explanations to include emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions, despite criticisms regarding its scientific rigor.

Question 2

In England in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it was widely believed that the ______ man would not get plague.&#10;A) happy&#10;B) prideful&#10;C) rich&#10;D) clean

Accepted Answer

The belief that a happy man would not get the plague is rooted in the humoral theory of medicine prevalent during the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England. This theory posited that health was maintained by a balance of the four bodily humors, and emotions were thought to have a significant impact on this balance. Happiness was believed to foster a healthy balance of humors, thereby providing some protection against diseases like the plague.

Question 3

Tuberculosis (TB) was often thought to be a disease brought on by ______.&#10;A) unrequited love&#10;B) consumption&#10;C) deep sadness&#10;D) all of these

Accepted Answer

A

Question 4

What is it called when the investigator selects only positive, confirming evidence for publication from a larger array of findings and fails to reveal the existence of negative, disconfirming evidence?

A) Data mining
B) Type 1 error
C) Fabrication
D) Type 2 error

Accepted Answer

Data mining involves searching through large volumes of data to find relevant patterns or information, which is not the same as selectively publishing positive results while ignoring negative ones.

Question 5

Extraversion/introversion are part of ______ personality traits.&#10;A) the Big 7&#10;B) the Big 5&#10;C) broad scale&#10;D) Western

Accepted Answer

Extraversion/introversion are part of the Big 5 personality traits, which also include agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.

Question 6

Of the following statements which best summarises the conclusion of reviews of prospective studies into the relationship between hostility and heart disease?&#10;A) No relationship has been convincingly demonstrated.&#10;B) A weak relationship has been demonstrated both for initially healthy individuals and for those already diagnosed as at risk.&#10;C) A weak relationship has been demonstrated for initially healthy individuals but not for those already diagnosed as at risk.&#10;D) No relationship has been demonstrated for initially healthy individuals but a weak.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the following statements which best summarises...

Question 7

Psychological characteristics may be linked to illness, either by way of physiological variables with which they are associated, or more indirectly, by way of their relationship to ______.&#10;A) health behaviour&#10;B) childhood disease&#10;C) genetics&#10;D) none of these

Accepted Answer

Psychological characteristics can influence illness indirectly through their relationship to health behavior, as they can affect how individuals manage stress, adhere to medical advice, and engage in healthy or unhealthy activities.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best summarises the results of large scale prospective studies examining the relationship between depression and the subsequent incidence of cancer, including mortality?

A) No major studies have found a significant relationship.
B) Some major studies have found a significant relationship but most have not.
C) Most major studies have found a significant relationship but some have not.
D) All major studies have found a significant relationship.

Accepted Answer

Some major studies have found a significant relationship between depression and the subsequent incidence of cancer, including mortality, but the majority of large scale prospective studies have not consistently supported a strong link. This suggests that while there may be an association in certain cases or types of cancer, the evidence is not conclusive across all studies.

Question 9

In the research of Surtees et al. (2003) on sense of coherence and health, what did they find to be the reduction in mortality from all causes for those with a strong sense of coherence?&#10;A) 10%&#10;B) 20%&#10;C) 30%&#10;D) 40%

Accepted Answer

Surtees et al. (2003) found that individuals with a strong sense of coherence had a 30% reduction in mortality from all causes, highlighting the significant impact of psychological well-being on physical health outcomes.

Question 10

According to the meta-analysis of Kern and Friedman (2008) what is the average correlation found between the Big Five factor of conscientiousness and longevity?&#10;A) 0.11&#10;B) 0.21&#10;C) 0.31&#10;D) 0.41

Accepted Answer

The meta-analysis by Kern and Friedman (2008) found that the average correlation between the Big Five personality factor of conscientiousness and longevity is 0.11. This suggests that higher levels of conscientiousness are modestly associated with longer life spans.

Deck 18: Illness and Personality