Deck 15: Social Psychology

Question 1

The processes we use to think about others and ourselves are called social ________.

A) intelligence
B) influence
C) attribution
D) cognition

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The mental processes we use to form impression of others are called person ________.

A) attribution
B) perception
C) assumption
D) cognition

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Explanations that we provide for the causes of behaviors or events are referred to as ________.

A) attributions
B) biases
C) assumptions
D) rationalizations

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Kaitlyn believes that she failed her psychology exam because the teacher made the questions on the test impossible to answer. Kaitlyn has just engaged in ________.

A) impression management
B) a stereotaxic determination
C) an attribution
D) person perception

Question 5

According to social psychologists, people want to develop logical attributions for behavior because it makes them feel ________.

A) safer and more in control
B) more in control and more intelligent
C) safer and more intelligent
D) relaxed and more intelligent

Question 6

Dr. Mitchell is 15 minutes late to class and when she comes in, she goes right into her lecture without explaining to the students why she was late. The students assume that she is just lazy and did not care about being on time, when in fact she was late because her daughter was ill and she had to arrange childcare at the last minute. The students have made the ________.

A) saliency bias
B) self-serving error
C) faulty judgment error
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 7

Most people perceive Elizabeth as being a poor public speaker because her mistakes in speaking are much more apparent than the dreaded feelings of social phobia that come over her when she speaks. This is an example of ________.

A) the self-serving bias
B) the saliency bias
C) the obviousness bias
D) prejudice

Question 8

When you find yourself out in a storm without an umbrella, you blame it on the fact that the storm was unexpected. But when you see another person without an umbrella, you think that they are silly for having not looked at the weather forecast before leaving the house. This is an example of which effect?

A) ultimate attribution
B) fundamental attribution
C) self-serving
D) actor-observer

Question 9

Amelia failed a test and said it was because the questions were "tricky." On the next exam, she scored an impressive 98%. Now she said that she studied hard and was a conscientious student. Amelia is demonstrating the ________.

A) dispositional locus of control
B) fundamental attribution error
C) self-serving bias
D) actor-observer bias

Question 10

Which of these is less commonly seen in collectivist as compared to individualist cultures?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) the fundamental attribution error
D) awareness of situational constraints on behavior

Question 11

Westerners watching a baseball game in Japan who see an umpire make a bad call would tend to assume a(n) ________ cause for the call, whereas the Japanese spectators would tend to make a(n) ________ attribution.

A) situational; dispositional
B) attributional; saliency
C) dispositional; situational
D) saliency; attributional

Question 12

Eliza, from China, observes a man push a woman to the side. How would Eliza most likely interpret the man's behavior?

A) The man is a very rude person.
B) The man has anger management issues.
C) The man is late for work.
D) The man has a bad attitude.

Question 13

Eastern conceptions of self-esteem ________.

A) include standing out from the rest of the crowd
B) involve fitting in with the group
C) involve doing better than others
D) involve distancing oneself from the group

Question 14

Regarding attitudes toward the economic "meltdown," the belief that the economic troubles resulted from actions of greedy bankers reflects which component of attitude?

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) situational

Question 15

Regarding attitudes toward the economic meltdown, being fearful of further loss of personal savings during an economic downturn reflects which component of attitude?

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) situational

Question 16

Regarding attitudes toward the economic meltdown, withdrawing savings from local banks in response to a pending economic crisis reflects which component of attitude?

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) situational

Question 17

"Greedy bankers cause economic troubles" is an example of which component of a person's attitude?

A) affective
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) emotional

Question 18

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that after Lamar bought a Samsung instead of an iPhone, he would ________.

A) regret his decision
B) complain about the iPhone features he couldn't get with his Samsung
C) notice the problems with his Samsung that he ignored before
D) focus on the positive features of his Samsung

Question 19

According to the textbook, people experiencing cognitive dissonance would most likely ________.

A) change their behavior
B) change their attitude
C) ignore the inconsistency between their behavior and attitude
D) continue to feel discomfort

Question 20

The word prejudice literally means ________.

A) prejudgment
B) separation
C) hatred
D) diminutive

Question 21

An African American person is denied a job because the owner of a business fears white customers will not buy from an African American salesperson. This hiring decision is an example of ________.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) stereotyping
D) a heuristic

Question 22

An African American person who is given a job because he or she is best-suited to the job is an example of ________.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) both prejudice and discrimination
D) neither prejudice nor discrimination

Question 23

The owner of a restaurant believes that White customers will not tip as well when they have a server who is a person of color, so he institutes a mandatory 15% gratuity policy on his menu for all guests. The belief that leads to this policy is an example of ________.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) both prejudice and discrimination
D) neither prejudice nor discrimination

Question 24

The process by which expectations about a person, group, or situation lead to those expectations eventually becoming true is called the ________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) attributional anchor
C) stereotype threat
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 25

Learning, implicit biases, mental shortcuts, limited resources, and displaced aggression are commonly cited sources of ________.

A) discrimination
B) bias
C) favoritism
D) prejudice

Question 26

In which of the following ways can a person develop prejudice?

A) learning about a new culture
B) generalization of repeated positive experiences with a minority group
C) generalization of one negative instance with a member of a minority group
D) introducing oneself to a new group of persons

Question 27

The attitude "Asian Americans are good at math" may be harmful to the motivation of Asian Americans, or members of which of the following, who are not good at math?

A) the ingroup
B) the outgroup
C) the majority
D) the scapegoats

Question 28

There has been a rise in prejudice as a result of the recent economic recession. What source of prejudice can this be explained by?

A) displaced aggression
B) competition for limited resources
C) stereotypes
D) operant conditioning

Question 29

Stereotyping that occurs without conscious awareness is a result of ________.

A) implicit bias
B) ingroup bias
C) outgroup homogeneity
D) discrimination

Question 30

Which of these is a method for reducing prejudice that involves creating a common outcome that benefits both the minority and majority groups and requires cooperation to achieve?

A) creating a reciprocal task
B) creating a homogeneous task
C) creating a superordinate goal
D) creating a supercilious goal

Question 31

Marlissa finds that after her children watch how beings of different races get along well in the Harry Potter movies, they tend to be more tolerant of the differences between themselves and classmates of other races. She is puzzled about this until she realizes that which of these can be an effective way of reducing prejudice?

A) cognitive retraining
B) empathy induction
C) superordinate goals
D) equal status contact

Question 32

The term for individuals who worked with the experimenter and purposely gave wrong answers during the Asch study is ________.

A) accomplices
B) confederates
C) participants
D) sample

Question 33

How many people in the control group of Asch's study chose the correct line?

A) close to 100%
B) roughly 50%
C) about 25%
D) Almost none

Question 34

Expected behaviors generally adhered to by members of a group are called ________.

A) norms
B) motivators
C) behavioral determinants
D) meta-rules

Question 35

A compliance technique in which a first, small request is used as a set-up for later requests is known as ________.

A) the low-ball technique
B) the foot-in-the-door technique
C) the infiltration technique
D) ingratiation

Question 36

Which of the following is a way to increase compliance, as identified in your text?

A) stringent moral guard
B) use foot-in-the-door technique
C) give power to the individual
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 37

According to the text, which of these allow social life to proceed with safety, order, and predictability?

A) conformity, altruism, and punishment
B) obedience, reinforcement, and punishment
C) norms, scripts, and conformity
D) conformity, compliance, and obedience

Question 38

A group of psychiatrists that were polled prior to the Milgram experiment predicted that ________.

A) less than 1% of participants would go all the way to 450 volts of shock
B) most people would continue past 300 volts of shock
C) most people would continue after 150 volts of shock
D) most people would stop at 300 volts of shock

Question 39

Which of the following factors in Milgram's experiment decreased obedience?

A) the educational setting and lab coats worn by experimenters
B) watching others continue to administer shocks
C) assuring "teachers" that the experimenter was responsible for the "learner's" well-being
D) having the "learner" in the same room with the "teacher"

Question 40

Milgram's study was criticized for ________.

A) use of deception
B) lack of debriefing
C) lack of follow-up with participants
D) use of placebo treatment

Question 41

Which group in the Milgram study was most likely to deliver 450 millivolts of shock to the learner?

A) the group for which the authority figure was not in the same room with the teacher
B) the group for which the learner was 1.5 feet away from the teacher
C) the group for which the teacher got to choose the level of shock
D) the group for which the teacher watched two other confederates deliver shock

Question 42

One reason for destructive obedience is that we are deeply ingrained from childhood to obey certain authority figures, such as parents, teachers, and police. This is due to ________.

A) groupthink
B) socialization
C) cognitive dissonance
D) foot-in-the door technique

Question 43

Veronica obeyed the orders of her highly regarded captain despite the fact that he was leading them into an illegal mission. What explanation of obedience does this example best demonstrate?

A) socialization
B) relaxed moral guard
C) the outgroup homogeneity effect
D) groupthink

Question 44

Rosa Parks is a good example of the power of which of these in reducing obedience?

A) a powerful role model
B) the foot-in-the-door technique
C) deindividuation
D) anti-discrimination laws

Question 45

One potentially positive result of deindividuation mentioned in the text is ________.

A) anonymity
B) allegiance and conformity
C) blind obedience
D) reduced responsibility

Question 46

Faulty decision making that occurs when maintaining group harmony becomes more important than making a good decision is called ________.

A) the risky shift
B) group polarization
C) groupthink
D) destructive conformity

Question 47

Which of the following occurs during the discussion process during groupthink?

A) beliefs of vulnerability
B) stereotypes of the ingroup
C) pressure on dissenters
D) lack of unanimity

Question 48

Which form of behavior is intended to inflict physical or psychological harm on another individual?

A) altruism
B) aggression
C) discrimination
D) diffusion of responsibility

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding the possible biological or psychosocial origins of aggression has been supported by research?

A) Food additives and preservatives play a role in aggression.
B) There is no genetic predisposition to engage in aggressive acts.
C) Specific parts of the brain are implicated in aggression.
D) Substance abuse is a minor factor in aggression.

Question 50

Although unsupported by research, the idea of catharsis suggests that ________.

A) venting aggression through methods such as exercise will decrease aggression
B) making a joke will decrease aggressive feelings
C) sympathizing with someone will decrease aggressive feelings
D) ignoring frustration will decrease aggression

Question 51

Which type of prevention of aggression involves healthy development in the general population, such as teaching better social and communication skills to people of all ages?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) cooperative

Question 52

The Big Brothers and Big Sisters of America program helps to identify youth who are in need of positive role models, and pairs them with adults who can provide healthy guidance and positive companionship. This is an example of which type of prevention?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) cooperative

Question 53

According to research, the ability to do which of the following may be innate, as illustrated by infants becoming distressed by another infant's cries?

A) sympathize
B) be prosocial
C) empathize
D) be altruistic

Question 54

Liza gives Susan a ride to school, in the hopes that the favor will be reciprocated at a later date. What theory of prosocial behavior does this support?

A) empathy-altruism
B) egoistic model
C) evolutionary theory
D) altruistic model

Question 55

Which theory of prosocial behavior suggests that we are more likely to help others who are close relatives, in the hopes that our genes will survive?

A) empathy-altruism
B) egoistic model
C) evolutionary theory
D) perpetual theory

Question 56

According to the decision process model, which is the correct sequence of events for engaging in helping behavior?

A) notice, know how to help, accept responsibility
B) notice, interpret, accept responsibility
C) notice, interpret, know how to help
D) notice, accept responsibility, decide to help

Question 57

Which of these is a way to increase helping behavior related to crimes?

A) show the helper on TV and other media
B) public shaming of those who fail to help
C) providing legal protection from liability associated with helping
D) diffusion of responsibility for reporting crimes

Question 58

Which of the following is one of the important factors in our initial attraction?

A) facial characteristics
B) fashionable clothing
C) good manners
D) sound of voice

Question 59

According to the textbook, which of the following traits are associated with attractive individuals?

A) more intelligent
B) more competitive
C) more curious
D) highly introverted

Question 60

Which hypothesis notes that, generally speaking, we tend to end up partnered with people whose attractiveness is roughly equivalent to our own?

A) evolutionary
B) eye-of-the-beholder
C) good-enough
D) matching

Question 61

According to the text, nonverbal flirting behavior may ________.

A) signal interest to a potential partner
B) be seen as unwanted aggression
C) increase attractiveness of a person
D) change our standards of attractiveness

Question 62

Repeated exposure to a stimulus will ________.

A) increase attraction for that stimulus
B) decrease dislike for that stimulus
C) decrease attraction for that stimulus
D) have a variable effect, depending on the context

Question 63

The phrase "opposites attract" may hold true for which of the following?

A) values
B) social background
C) personality traits
D) age

Question 64

Which of these is an important component in Sternberg's concept of loving?

A) dating
B) marriage
C) intimacy
D) similarity

Question 65

In Sternberg's study, a healthy degree of all three essential components in both partners characterizes which type of love?

A) consummate
B) romantic
C) successful
D) satisfying

Question 66

According to Sternberg, trouble occurs when one of the partners has ________.

A) a higher need for one or more of the components
B) a lower need for one or more of the components
C) levels of needs that are similar to the other partner
D) a higher or a lower need for one or more of the components

Question 67

Romantic love is usually based on ________.

A) mystery and fantasy
B) the pleasure principle
C) reality
D) realistic expectations

Question 68

Two problems with romantic love are that it ________.

A) lasts too long and uses up too much energy
B) is based on illusions and is short-lived
C) lacks compassion and real attraction
D) is immature and rare after early adulthood

Question 69

A constructive way to maximize companionate love is to ________.

A) be realistic about each other's faults
B) overlook each other's faults
C) point out each other's faults
D) overlook your partner's faults; point out your own

Question 70

When Jordan sees other people speeding when they drive on the highway, he assumes that they are inconsiderate drivers. When he speeds, however, he says, "it's an emergency and I really have to get there quickly." This is an example of the ________ bias.

Question 71

The belief that one's own culture represents the norm to which other cultures should strive is a form of ________.

Question 72

When individuals in a group shift their opinion on a topic to a more extreme position this is referred to as group ________.

Question 73

Suggesting that group leaders remain silent on important issues, encouraging and supporting those with dissenting opinions as they share their position, and seeking input from outside experts are all strategies to help reduce ________.

Question 74

The manner in which we develop and are affected by interpersonal connections with others is the area of social psychology called social ________.

Question 75

Byron knows that his wife, Liana, is very angry about something that happened at work today. He knows he can't solve her problem, but he wants her to feel better. He starts making snide comments about Liana's boss to try to amuse her, and pretty soon she starts smiling and stops feeling so angry. Byron has employed ________ responses to help reduce Liana's feelings of hostility.

Question 76

Define attribution. Describe and illustrate the two critical misjudgments people make, and state possible reasons for each.

Question 77

Define attitude and prejudice, and describe the three basic components of an attitude, using them to differentiate between a stereotype and discrimination. State why "positive prejudice" is harmful to members of a group.

Question 78

Define conformity, and explain the three factors that contribute to this behavior, using examples of conformity from your own personal history.

Question 79

Define obedience, and describe how authority, responsibility, modeling, and graduations in requests, affected obedience in Milgram's study.

Question 80

Discuss how group polarization and groupthink affect group decision-making. Illustrate your discussion with what might occur during jury deliberations for an accused serial murderer.