Deck 14: Observational Studies

Question 1

This type of study investigates the effects of some phenomenon, risk factor, or intervention in the same population over different periods or in a population in one geographic area as compared with one or more other populations in other areas.

A) Geographical
B) Ecological
C) Cohort
D) Case-control

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A group of participants who are collectively exposed to a risk factor, substance, drug, or event and are observed over time to examine the effect, if any, of such exposure is known as a:

A) Population
B) Sample
C) Cohort
D) Study group

Answer 2

C

Question 3

This is a measure of the strength of association between a risk factor and a disease.

A) Exposure ratio
B) Cohort ratio
C) Incidence rate ratio
D) Disease ratio

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The steps used to estimate the level, frequency and duration of exposure to a risk factor is known as:

A) Dose-response assessment
B) Risk factor assessment
C) Exposure assessment
D) Risk assessment

Question 5

This theory emphasizes the role of adaptive responses to changes in ones environment in reducing the risk of disease and complications at the individual level.

A) General susceptibility
B) Web of causation
C) Epidemiologic triangle
D) Multifactorial epidemiology

Question 6

If a researcher influences a participant's response to a survey question by telling them how to answer, _________________ has been introduced in the study.

A) Prejudice
B) Error
C) Discourse
D) Bias

Question 7

A third variable that affects the relationship of a risk factor and a disease because of its association with both is known as a(n):____________________

A) Dummy variable
B) Distorted variable
C) Confounding variable
D) Influencing variable

Question 8

In this type of cohort study, subjects are followed forward in time through their past medical records to understand how their health status changed over time.

A) Historical cohort
B) Open cohort
C) Dynamic cohort
D) Prospective cohort

Question 9

This type of study includes a group of participants who already have the disease and another group of participants who do not.

A) Prospective cohort
B) Case-control
C) Cross-sectional
D) Ecological

Question 10

When study participants change their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed, it is known as the ___________________.

A) Hawthorne effect
B) Priori effect
C) Awareness effect
D) Observation bias

Question 11

In observational studies researchers can administer a treatment or intervention to study participants.

Question 12

Cohort studies allow researchers to demonstrate a causal relationship between a disease and a risk factor.

Question 13

When selecting study participants for an exposed and unexposed group, it's important that subjects in each group are as different as possible.

Question 14

Not all retrospective studies are case-control studies.

Question 15

__________________ is a limitation of ecological studies that results from the fact that the unit of analysis is an entire population rather than an individual.

Question 16

The conceptual framework in which diseases are seen as an outcome of the interaction between a causative agent, the host, and the environment is known as the ___________________.

Question 17

The ___________________ is an etiologic model that shows that the occurrence and severity of a disease is a result of a number of different factors.

Question 18

Which of the following are advantages of using a cohort study design?

A) Direct estimation of the incidence of disease
B) Revealing an association or absence of association between the risk factor and disease
C) Low budget
D) Short timeframe

Question 19

Which of the following are characteristics of a confounding variable?

A) It is a mediator between the exposure and the disease
B) It is associated with both the risk factor and the outcome
C) It is equally distributed between the exposed and unexposed groups
D) It is unequally distributed between different levels of exposure

Question 20

Unscramble the letters to get the word for a factor that plays a role in the occurrence of a disease, in preventing a disease, or in the improvement of a disease.
ORPUEEXS