Deck 5: Epidemiologic Principles and Methods

Question 1

Which of the following measures the probability that a healthy person in that population will develop the disease during that time?

A) Frequency
B) Incidence
C) Prevalence
D) Distribution

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What type of study is characterized by large numbers of subjects, all healthy at the time the study begins, being questioned regarding their exposures?

A) Cohort studies
B) Interventional studies
C) Prospective studies
D) Retrospective studies

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is the intervention study regarding fluoride for the prevention of tooth decay?

A) Doll-Hill Study
B) Hammond-Horn Study
C) Nurse's Health Study
D) Kingston-Newburgh Study

Answer 3

D

Question 4

It is possible for a disease to have a high incidence but a low prevalence.

Question 5

For chronic diseases that are not lethal, such as arthritis, the prevalence will be much higher than the incidence.

Question 6

Case-control studies are much more efficient than cohort studies in that they focus on a smaller number of people and can be completed relatively quickly.

Question 7

Prospective and retrospective studies both look for associations between exposure and disease.

Question 8

In a clinical trial of a new painkiller, the control group would receive the highest dose of the new drug.

Question 9

The placebo effect usually occurs in about half of control group members.

Question 10

An important case-control study conducted in the mid-1980s sought the cause of _________________, a deadly disease of children that occurred a few weeks after a child had recovered from a viral infection such as chicken pox.

Question 11

A ___________________ of 1.0 means that there is no association between the exposure and the disease.

Question 12

In a ___________________ trial, subjects are assigned to groups at random.

Question 13

In a ___________________ trial, neither physician nor patient knows to which group the patient has been assigned.

Question 14

whats the terms to the appropriate description.
-Number of cases must be counted and related to the size of the population being studies, yielding a rate

Question 15

whats the terms to the appropriate description.
-Rate of new cases of a disease in a defined population over a defined period of time

Question 16

whats the terms to the appropriate description.
-Total number of cases existing in a defined population at a specific time

Question 17

whats the terms to the appropriate description.
-Is comprised of the answers to the who, when, and where questions

Question 18

whats the following terms to the appropriate description.
-Analysis that answers to the who, when, and where questions that provide clues about the causes of a disease or the source of an outbreak.

Question 19

whats the following terms to the appropriate description.
-Start in the present and monitor groups of people into the future or they may start at a point in time in the past and look forward from there.

Question 20

whats the following terms to the appropriate description.
-Look into the past for causes of diseases from which people currently suffer.

Question 21

whats the following terms to the appropriate description.
-Studies that are conducted in very much the same way as those of laboratory experiments on animals

Question 22

When calculating the rate of a disease, which of the following is generally the denominator of the calculation?

A) Population infected
B) Population at risk
C)Total state population
D) Total world population

Question 23

Which of the following is comprised of the answers to the who, when, and where questions?

A) Frequency
B) Incidence
C) Prevalence
D) Distribution

Question 24

Which of the following is calculated by dividing the ratio of exposed subjects to non-exposed subjects in the case group by the ratio of exposed subjects to non-exposed subjects in the control group?

A) Incidence rate
B) Prevalence rate
C) Odds ratio
D) Relative risk

Question 25

In a therapeutic clinical trial, both the experimental group and the control group are composed of patients who have the disease for which a therapy is being tested.

Question 26

Cohort studies start out by measuring exposure and watching for the development of disease.

Question 27

The discovery of the cause of the EMS outbreak in New Mexico involved descriptive epidemiology.

Question 28

An effective drug shows a lower rate of causation than the placebo.

Question 29

The Salk polio vaccine was able to reduce polio infections by about 75%.

Question 30

Disease frequency is usually expressed as prevalence rate.

Question 31

In defining a disease to be studied, epidemiologists use the term "disease" broadly; ________________ is a more accurate but cumbersome description of what is to be studied.

Question 32

Information on the distribution of disease gives clues about the ____________________ of disease.

Question 33

The Physicians Health Study looked at prevention of both cancer and ____________________ disease.

Question 34

If you gave all of the inhabitants of one town daily doses of acetaminophen but not the inhabitants of a demographically similar nearby town, that would be a(n) ____________________ study.

Question 35

Whats the appropriate descriptionn of the following terms?
-Group that is exposed to the intervention

Question 36

Whats the appropriate descriptionn of the following terms?
-Group that is not exposed to the intervention

Question 37

Whats the appropriate descriptionn of the following terms?
-Inactive substance similar in appearance to the drug or vaccine being tested

Question 38

Whats the appropriate descriptionn of the following terms?
-Neither the patient nor the doctor are aware who is receiving the treatment

Question 39

Whats the appropriate description of the terms?
-Most convincing type of clinical trials

Question 40

Whats the appropriate description of the terms?
-Most accurate type of study, large numbers of people are questioned concerning their exposures

Question 41

Whats the appropriate description of the terms?
-Start with people who are already ill and look back to determine their exposure

Question 42

Whats the appropriate description of the terms?
-Usually done to test a new treatment for a disease or a preventive measure