Deck 8: Reproductive Technology

Question 1

Some argue against surrogacy by claiming that it amounts to

A) adoption.
B) cloning.
C) baby-selling.
D) family autonomy.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An animal or human clone is

A) proof that genes alone make the individual.
B) an example of genetic determinism.
C) a perfect copy of an individual.
D) not a perfect copy of an individual.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In 2015-2017, of the approximately 72 million women aged 15-49 years, _______ percent received infertility services.

A) 13
B) 5
C) 37
D) 66

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Currently, human cloning seems likely to result in

A) a reduction in the number of infertile couples.
B) a high incidence of multiple births.
C) high rates of serious birth defects.
D) very low rates of serious birth defects.

Question 5

Leon Kass argues that human cloning is dehumanizing because it

A) violates reproductive rights.
B) amounts to natural reproduction.
C) solves fertility problems.
D) amounts to the artificial manufacture of children as products.

Question 6

In ________, after ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval, the eggs and sperm are transferred together to a fallopian tube to fertilize.

A) ovarian stimulation
B) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
C) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Question 7

In ________, fertilization occurs in vitro, but an embryo is transferred not to the uterus but to a fallopian tube.

A) ovarian stimulation
B) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
C) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Question 8

Each single attempt to use IVF is called a

A) round.
B) cycle.
C) quarter.
D) sequence.

Question 9

The process of fetal reduction is also known as

A) selective abortion.
B) preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
C) stem cell duplication.
D) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT).

Question 10

In _______ surrogacy, the surrogate receives a transferred embryo created through IVF using the sperm and egg of others (the contracting couple or donors).

A) social
B) genetic
C) traditional
D) gestational

Question 11

A form of cloning known as _______ occurs when a zygote is produced through in vitro fertilization and, when it consists of two to four identical cells, it is separated to grow into discrete but genetically identical organisms.

A) reproductive cloning
B) twinning
C) therapeutic cloning
D) extraction cloning

Question 12

A form of cloning known as _______ occurs when a genetic duplicate of an adult animal or human is created.

A) reproductive cloning
B) twinning
C) therapeutic cloning
D) extraction cloning

Question 13

_______ occurs when the aim of cloning is something other than the live birth of an individual.

A) Reproductive cloning
B) Twinning
C) Therapeutic cloning
D) Extraction cloning

Question 14

Some critics of cloning have charged that it violates the clone's right to

A) a unique identity.
B) life.
C) respect.
D) procreative freedom.

Question 15

A _______ might argue that cloning and IVF are impermissible because the considerable money spent on them could yield far more happiness if spent on food for the hungry people of the world.

A) Kantian
B) virtue ethicist
C) natural law theorist
D) utilitarian

Question 16

At last count, there were fewer than 2,000 infertile couples in the United States.

Question 17

Multiple pregnancies resulting from IVF cycles raise the risks of children's life and health.

Question 18

Bonnie Steinbock argues that payment to egg donors is morally permissible provided the payment is not for the eggs but for the burdens of egg retrieval.

Question 19

Some have objected to IVF because of its potential for causing birth defects and disease in children.

Question 20

Surrogate arrangements are generally simple and legally straightforward.

Question 21

Couples are generally limited to using their own sperm and eggs in IVF.

Question 22

The average cost of a single attempt to overcome infertility using IVF is $10,000 to $15,000.

Question 23

On average, a live birth is the outcome in only about 25 percent of IVF cycles in which the woman's own eggs are used.

Question 24

The Catholic Church believes IVF and other forms of assisted reproduction are never acceptable.

Question 25

A surrogate is both the gestational and social mother to the child they give birth to.

Question 26

Some states forbid surrogacy agreements allowing any kind of payment.

Question 27

Surrogacy is legal in all U.S. states.

Question 28

To date, no human has been successfully cloned.

Question 29

From a Kantian perspective, it is possible to either oppose or defend reproductive technologies.

Question 30

According to the Roman Catholic interpretation of natural law theory, surrogacy is immoral because it is procreation outside of marriage and an affront to the integrity of the family.

Question 31

What are the five main steps of IVF and embryo transfer?

Question 32

Present a utilitarian argument in favor of IVF.

Question 33

Present a Kantian argument in favor of IVF and surrogacy.

Question 34

Present a Kantian argument against IVF and surrogacy.

Question 35

Present the Roman Catholic (natural law) argument regarding the moral permissibility of IVF.

Question 36

The Following Questions For Readings: "IVF: The Simple Case," Peter Singer
-To the objection that IVF is unnatural, Singer says

A) IVF is not unnatural.
B) IVF is not natural, but it is effective.
C) if we use IVF properly, it will be natural.
D) if we reject medical advances because they are unnatural, we would be rejecting modern medicine as a whole.

Question 37

The Following Questions For Readings: "IVF: The Simple Case," Peter Singer
-To the objection that IVF is risky for the offspring, Singer says

A) the rate of abnormality is higher than expected.
B) the rate of abnormality nowadays is actually very low.
C) with today's technology, there are no abnormalities produced by IVF.
D) there is no risk for the offspring.

Question 38

The Following Questions For Readings: "IVF: The Simple Case," Peter Singer
-To the objection that IVF damages the marital relationship, Singer says

A) particular religions are right to be concerned about damage to relationships.
B) few infertile couples will try IVF.
C) few infertile couples will take seriously the view that their marriage will be damaged by IVF.
D) marital relationships are damaged by IVF only if masturbation is involved.

Question 39

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty," John A. Robertson
-Robertson asserts that the freedom either to have children or to avoid having them is

A) procreative interest.
B) prophylactic liberty.
C) freedom of fertilization.
D) procreative liberty.

Question 40

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty," John A. Robertson
-Robertson says that "liberty" as used in procreative liberty is a

A) positive right.
B) negative right.
C) Kantian right.
D) right of avoidance.

Question 41

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty," John A. Robertson
-Robertson argues that those who would limit procreative choice should have the burden of establishing

A) procreative rights.
B) substantial harm.
C) non-procreative rights.
D) substantial benefit.

Question 42

The Following Questions For Readings: "Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?," Laura M. Purdy
-According to Purdy, surrogacy is not baby-selling; a better characterization is that the birth mother is giving up her parental right to

A) provide for the child.
B) nurse the child.
C) use IVF.
D) have a relationship with the child.

Question 43

The Following Questions For Readings: "Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?," Laura M. Purdy
-Purdy thinks the appropriate moral framework for addressing questions about the social aspects of contracted pregnancy is

A) deontological.
B) Aristotelian.
C) consequentialist.
D) Kantian.

Question 44

The Following Questions For Readings: "Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?," Laura M. Purdy
-Purdy says that some feminists argue that the practice of surrogate mothering is

A) neither wrong nor right.
B) necessarily wrong.
C) necessarily right.
D) without moral meaning.

Question 45

The Following Questions For Readings: "Is Women's Labor a Commodity?," Elizabeth S. Anderson
-Anderson opposes commercial surrogacy on the grounds that

A) surrogate motherhood is too expensive.
B) it detracts from the ideal image of motherhood has sacrosanct.
C) it cannot be commodified.
D) it reduces both surrogate mothers and babies to market commodities.

Question 46

The Following Questions For Readings: "Is Women's Labor a Commodity?," Elizabeth S. Anderson
-Anderson says that when women's labor is treated as a commodity, the

A) moral value of women increases.
B) women who perform it are degraded.
C) women who perform it see themselves as altruistic.
D) women who perform it are neither degraded nor exploited.

Question 47

The Following Questions For Readings: "Is Women's Labor a Commodity?," Elizabeth S. Anderson
-Anderson concludes that commercial surrogate contracts

A) should be legal.
B) are too complicated.
C) should be illegal.
D) provide legitimacy to the surrogate.

Question 48

The Following Questions For Readings: "Egg Donation and Commodification," Bonnie Steinbock
-Steinbock says that anyone who thinks that it is possible through egg selection to guarantee that a child will be brilliant or beautiful is

A) likely to be disappointed.
B) likely to be pleasantly surprised.
C) unlikely to be disappointed.
D) being realistic.

Question 49

The Following Questions For Readings: "Egg Donation and Commodification," Bonnie Steinbock
-Steinbock argues that payment to egg donors is morally permissible provided the payment is not for the eggs but for the

A) egg donor's genetic makeup.
B) number of eggs.
C) burdens of egg retrieval.
D) quality of the eggs.

Question 50

The Following Questions For Readings: "Egg Donation and Commodification," Bonnie Steinbock
-Steinbock says that a greater source of moral concern than offering payment for eggs is

A) failing to pay for eggs.
B) deceptive treatment of donors.
C) inadequate egg retrieval.
D) very large offers of money.

Question 51

The Following Questions For Readings: "Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con," Dan W. Brock
-Brock concludes that the ethical pros and cons of human cloning lead to the tentative conclusion that

A) it should be used to alleviate infertility.
B) it seems to be a violation of moral or human rights.
C) there is a decisive case for never allowing it.
D) there is not an ethically decisive case either for or against permitting it or doing it.

Question 52

The Following Questions For Readings: "Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con," Dan W. Brock
-Brock thinks the idea that human cloning would lessen the worth of individuals and diminish respect for human life is

A) a justified fear.
B) unjustified.
C) the main concern about human cloning.
D) accurate.

Question 53

The Following Questions For Readings: "Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con," Dan W. Brock
-In the open-future arguments, Brock finds

A) powerful considerations against human cloning.
B) little merit.
C) strong reasons to oppose human cloning.
D) strong argument in favor or human cloning.