Deck 15: Drug Development

Question 1

How many drugs is multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis is resistant to?

A) at least 1
B) at least 2
C) at least 3
D) at least 4

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How many drugs is extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is resistant to?

A) at least 1
B) at least 2
C) at least 3
D) at least 4

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The human egg cell is about 100 microns in size. What is this in meters?

A) 0.100 meters
B) 0.000100 meters
C) 0.000000100 meters
D) 0.000000000100 meters

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the least powerful instrument that is needed to see a cell?

A) naked eye
B) hand magnifier
C) compound light microscope
D) electron microscope

Question 5

What allows bacteria to move?

A) pili
B) cytoplasm
C) flagellum
D) cell wall

Question 6

What allows bacteria to stick to surfaces?

A) attachment pili
B) cytoplasm
C) flagellum
D) cell wall

Question 7

What does a bactericidal antibiotic do?

A) kills the bacteria
B) inhibits the growth of the bacteria
C) prevents the production of toxins by bacteria
D) transports the bacteria from our bodies

Question 8

What does a bactericiostatic antibiotic do?

A) kills the bacteria
B) inhibits the growth of the bacteria
C) prevents the production of toxins by bacteria
D) transports the bacteria from our bodies

Question 9

The purpose of the disk diffusion test is to

A) determine how harmful the bacteria are.
B) determine the type of bacteria.
C) determine the effectiveness of antibiotics.
D) grow bacteria for other tests.

Question 10

How is the potency of an antibiotic determined?

A) It prevents growth of the largest percentage of bacteria in an IC₅₀ test.
B) The lowest concentration inhibits growth of 50% of the bacteria in an IC₅₀ test.
C) The highest concentration inhibits growth of 50% of the bacteria in an IC₅₀ test.
D) The largest ring of inhibition is seen in the disk diffusion test.

Question 11

What are the units of the IC50 test?

A) millimolar (mM)
B) micromolar (μM)
C) millimeter (mm)
D) percentage (%)

Question 12

What is the bacterial cell wall material?

A) proteins
B) phospholipids
C) polysaccharaides with short amino acid chains
D) cellulose

Question 13

What is the purpose of transpeptidase?

A) DNA replication
B) cross link within the cell wall
C) making protein
D) removing antibiotic

Question 14

What gives the bacterial cell wall its strength?

A) cross-links between polysaccharides and amino acids
B) cross-links between short sugars
C) intertwined polysaccharides
D) several, thick layers in the cell wall

Question 15

What is the shape of the relaxed form of bacterial DNA?

A) circular
B) twisted circular
C) open chain
D) branched

Question 16

What is the shape of the bacterial DNA after it undergoes supercoiling?

A) circular
B) twisted circular
C) open chain
D) branched

Question 17

What substance does bacteria use to untwist their DNA prior to replication?

A) topoisomerase
B) transpeptidase
C) DNA polymerase
D) ribosomes

Question 18

___________ binds to DNA, make a cut in the polynucleotide chain, untwist the two strands, and then restore them to their original circular structure.

A) Transpeptidase
B) Topoisomerase
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Tetracycline

Question 19

What does tetracycline bond to?

A) ribosomes
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) DNA

Question 20

Which of these antibiotics interferes in the building of the bacterial cell wall?

A) penicillin
B) ciprofloxacin
C) tetracycline
D) none of these

Question 21

Which of these antibiotics blocks the reproduction process of bacteria?

A) penicillin
B) ciprofloxacin
C) tetracycline
D) none of these

Question 22

Which of these antibiotics prevents the bacteria from making proteins?

A) penicillin
B) ciprofloxacin
C) tetracycline
D) none of these

Question 23

What is the percentage of antibiotic use in the United States is for medical treatment of humans?

A) Less than 20%
B) 20-30%
C) 30-40%
D) more than 40%

Question 24

What was the first antibiotic discovered to be effective against tuberculosis?

A) penicillin
B) streptomycin
C) ciprofloxacin
D) tetracycline

Question 25

How does streptomycin work against tuberculosis?

A) It prevents crosslinking the cell wall.
B) It blocks DNA replication.
C) It prevents production of proteins.
D) It inhibits the ability of the bacteria to make its protective coating

Question 26

How does isoniazid work against tuberculosis?

A) It prevents crosslinking the cell wall.
B) It blocks DNA replication.
C) It prevents production of proteins.
D) It inhibits the ability of the bacteria to make its protective coating

Question 27

What agency was formed by the Federal Food and Drugs Act in 1906?

A) EPA
B) USDA
C) FDA
D) FCC

Question 28

Dr. Francis Kelsey prevented the sale of thalidomide in the United States. Her actions led to

A) the Federal Food and Drug Act.
B) the formation of the FDA.
C) clinical trials for testing new drugs.
D) faster approvals of new drugs in the United States.

Question 29

An vitro test is performed

A) in glass.
B) in something alive.
C) in wine.
D) without a candidate drug.

Question 30

An in vivo test is performed

A) in glass.
B) in something alive.
C) in wine.
D) without a candidate drug.

Question 31

What is the step in developing a drug where it is tested in humans for how effective it is against a specific condition?

A) preclinical
B) clinical trial, phase 1
C) clinical trial, phase 2
D) Clinical trial, phase 3

Question 32

When was it discovered that bacteria caused tuberculosis?

A) 1880s
B) 1920s
C) 1940s
D) 1980s

Question 33

When was the first advance made in the treatment of tuberculosis?

A) 1880s
B) 1920s
C) 1940s
D) 1980s

Question 34

What is the watery medium in the interior of a bacterial cell?

A) cytoplasm
B) phospholipids
C) polysaccharides
D) protein

Question 35

What type of organism causes tuberculosis?

A) virus
B) bacteria
C) fungus
D) protozoa

Question 36

Bacteria can reproduce when their DNA is in the supercoil shape.

Question 37

Tetracycline can bind to human ribosomes.

Question 38

The primary use of antibiotics in animals is nontherapeutic.

Question 39

Large-scale administration of low doses of antibiotics is not related to multi-drug resistant bacteria.

Question 40

Most sore throats that require a doctor's visit are caused by a bacterial infection.

Question 41

Thalidomide, a drug that disrupted the formation of limbs, was sold widely through the United States

Question 42

It is a chiral isomer of thalidomide that causes deformation of limbs. The other isomer induces sleep.

Question 43

After the FDA approves a drug, monitoring the drug is stopped.

Question 44

Today tuberculosis is completely cured.

Question 45

The watery medium inside a cell is the ____________________.

Question 46

One of the enzymes that aids construction of the bacterial cell wall because it uses peptides to make linkages between the polysaccharide chains is ____________________.

Question 47

In addition to killing off pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics can kill ____________________.

Question 48

____________________ that are used to treat tuberculosis contain four antibiotics that each attack the bacteria differently.

Question 49

Drug testing that occurs in test tubes and animals is called ____________________ testing.

Question 50

Drug testing that occurs in humans is called ____________________ testing.

Question 51

In Phase II clinical trial the test is ____________________ to ensure the researcher does not know who is receiving the new drug and who is receiving the placebo.

Question 52

Describe the disk diffusion test.

Question 53

What are two sources of antibiotics?

Question 54

Describe the process by which penicillin kills bacteria.

Question 55

Why are human cells not killed by Penicillin?

Question 56

Describe how ciprofloxacin performs its function as an antibiotic.

Question 57

Describe how tetracycline performs its function as an antibiotic.

Question 58

List three defense mechanisms that bacteria use against antibiotics.

Question 59

Describe what happens in a phase 2 clinical trial of a new drug.

Question 60

Describe what happens in a phase 3 clinical trial.