Deck 13: From DNA to Proteins

Question 1

Patients with sickle cell disease have how many copies of the mutated gene for hemoglobin?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Patients with sickle cell trait have how many copies of the mutated gene for hemoglobin?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is a characteristic symptom of sickle cell disease?

A) low red blood cell count
B) blood clots more easily
C) detectable quantities of red blood cells shaped like a C
D) Red blood cells that don't fully mature.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the process of producing mRNA from DNA?

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) coding

Question 5

What is the process to produce proteins?

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) coding

Question 6

In what part of the cell are proteins produced?

A) nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) ribosomes
D) cell wall

Question 7

What bases are present in RNA?

A) cytosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil
B) cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine
C) cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil
D) cytosine, adenine, thymine, and uracil

Question 8

What RNA sequence is transcribed from the DNA template 3' - TAGG - 5'?

A) 5' - UCGG - 3'
B) 5' - AUCC - 3'
C) 5' - CGAA - 3'
D) 5' - ATCC - 3'

Question 9

When RNA polymerase recognizes adenine in the DNA template strand, what base does it add to the RNA strand?

A) thymine
B) cytosine
C) uracil
D) guanine

Question 10

What enzyme performs transcription of DNA to mRNA?

A) DNA polymerase
B) RNA polymerase
C) cytochrome enzyme
D) protein polymerase

Question 11

Which of the following components of amino acids is not present in every amino acid?

A) central alpha carbon
B) hydroxyl side chain
C) amine
D) carboxylic acid

Question 12

Identify the category of amino acid presented here.

A) neutral nonpolar
B) neutral polar
C) acidic
D) basic

Question 13

Identify the category of amino acid presented here.

A) Neutral nonpolar
B) Neutral polar
C) Acidic
D) Basic

Question 14

Sequence information in RNA is read in units of three bases. What are these units?

A) nucleotides
B) codons
C) anticodons
D) peptides

Question 15

Which of the following amino acids are not used by the human body?

A) L-arginine
B) L-leucine
C) D-lysine
D) L-serine

Question 16

How many different groups must be covalently bonded to a carbon for the molecule to be chiral?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 17

How many chiral centers are present in the amino acid presented here?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 18

How many amino acids are used to build proteins?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 35

Question 19

What is the minimum number of sequential mRNA bases required to build each of the 20 amino acids?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 20

What is the process of translation?

A) DNA replicates an exact copy of itself.
B) DNA creates a strand of RNA.
C) DNA builds a protein..
D) mRNA builds a protein.

Question 21

The purpose of a codon in the mRNA is to provide information

A) about which amino acid is used in the protein sequence
B) about the start and stop of the coding for a protein in mRNA
C) it can use to replicate itself
D) about which tRNA will bind to it.

Question 22

Where does translation occur within the cell?

A) the nucleus
B) the cytoplasm
C) the mitochondria
D) the ribosomes

Question 23

What is the amino acid attached to during translation?

A) mRNA
B) DNA
C) tRNA
D) a protein

Question 24

What provides the genetic information within the ribosome for synthesizing the protein?

A) a protein
B) DNA
C) mRNA
D) tRNA

Question 25

A protein is a polymer chain consisting of alternating amino acids. The structure of a protein is categorized by four levels. The sequence of amino acids is an example of which level?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

Question 26

Neighboring amino acids may interact via hydrogen bonding to form regional shapes, such as helical or folded. What is this level of structure?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

Question 27

Hemoglobin protein consists of four polypeptide chains. What is this level of structure?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

Question 28

What causes the production of hemoglobin S (HbS) within sickle cell anemia patients?

A) DNA mutation
B) translation error when the tRNA builds the protein
C) transcription error when making mRNA from DNA
D) infection by bacteria

Question 29

What may cause hemoglobin cells to rupture within sickle cell patients?

A) elimination of oxygen
B) hypertonic condition
C) hemoglobin fibers
D) the immune system

Question 30

Which of the following might be a symptom of a sickle cell patient?

A) itching
B) weakened immune system
C) shortness of breath
D) euphoric feeling

Question 31

Which of the following molecules is chiral?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 32

What amino acids do proteins use?

A) both D-amino acids and L-amino acids
B) only D-amino acids
C) only L-amino acids
D) alpha-amino acids

Question 33

How many degenerate codons serve as a stop codon?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 34

How many degenerate codons serve as a start codon?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 35

What are the sequence of bases on tRNA that bind to the mRNA called?

A) nucleotides
B) codons
C) anticodons
D) peptides

Question 36

How many chiral centers are present in the following amino acid?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 37

What is the bond between amino acids in a protein called?

A) phosphodiester bond
B) peptide bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) glycosidic bond

Question 38

D- and L- isomers of the same compound are mirror images of each other.

Question 39

The carbon to which both the amino and carboxyl groups are attached in an amino acid is the beta-carbon.

Question 40

A D- isomer of a compound is called right-handed.

Question 41

Since chiral molecules are mirror images of each other, they can be superimposed upon each other.

Question 42

In the genetic code, each amino acid may be specified by only one codon.

Question 43

The start codon instructs the ribosome to begin constructing the protein.

Question 44

Long fibers are formed by mutated hemoglobin in sickle cell patients when the hemoglobin is deoxygenated.

Question 45

The conversion of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) is called ____________________.

Question 46

The conversion of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein is called ____________________.

Question 47

The carbon to which both the amino and carboxyl groups are attached in an amino acid is called the ____________________.

Question 48

Two molecules that are mirror images and cannot be superimposed are called ____________________.

Question 49

Sequence information in mRNA is read in units of three bases called ____________________.

Question 50

Which mRNA codon corresponds to which amino acid is provided in the ____________________.

Question 51

Since some amino acids may correspond to more than one codon (e.g., four codons correspond to the amino acid glycine), the genetic code is considered to be ____________________.

Question 52

Describe the sequence of how DNA produces proteins.

Question 53

Give four structural and chemical differences between DNA and RNA.

Question 54

Based upon the variable sidechain in amino acids, what are the four categories of amino acids?

Question 55

How does the ribosome know where in the mRNA to begin translating the mRNA into a protein?

Question 56

Why does it require a minimum of a sequence of three RNA bases to build each of the 20 amino acids?

Question 57

In the translation of mRNA to protein, there are four codons that code for valine and one codon that codes for tryptophan. What is your expectation for which amino acid would be more common in proteins? Explain your answer.

Question 58

What are the sequential steps within the ribosome for synthesizing the protein?

Question 59

How is the correct tRNA selected for attachment to the mRNA?

Question 60

Compare the following amino acids (a) and (b). Describe how they might cause a protein to have different properties.