Deck 8: Interpersonal Attraction and Close Relationships

Question 1

Bowlby (1969) argued that there is a biological basis for __________.

A)complementarity
B)affiliation
C)attachment
D)mutuality
E)propinquity

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the commonly-accepted explanation for our preference to be with others when we are afraid?

A) attachment
B) social comparison
C) cognitive dissonance
D) social conformity
E) cognitive balance

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the affect regulation hypothesis about?

A) secure attachment
B) social comparison
C) similarity-attraction rule
D) mutuality in intimacy
E) regulating affect

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The propinquity effect for liking predicts that we will like:

A) strangers
B) our next door neighbours
C) only the opposite sex
D) similar others
E) those who like us

Question 5

The Schachter experiments, participants who were asked to perform a series of embarrassing tasks:

A) preferred to be with other participants
B) escaped through the back door before the experiment began
C) indicated no preference as to waiting alone or with others
D) preferred to be alone
E) preferred to be with the experimenter

Question 6

In a secure attachment, we see others are:

A) objects of attachment
B) safe havens
C) anxious-ambivalent
D) attached to us
E) none of the above

Question 7

A basis of affiliation in situations of uncertainty is the process of:

A) social penetration
B) social comparison
C) social reinforcement
D) equity
E) none of the above

Question 8

Social comparison is a process whereby:

A) people prefer to be with people in a different situation
B) people who are uncertain or fearful, turn to people in the same situation
C) people seek out others to identify with them due to genetically wired-in drive
D) people interacting together try to compare their inputs and outputs in order to maximize their gains
E) people compare their characteristics with others to determine their self-esteem

Question 9

The phrase 'misery loves miserable company' best reflects the process of:

A) social penetration
B) social reinforcement
C) equity
D) social comparison
E) none of the above

Question 10

Based on Schachter's (1959) study involving a Dr. Gregor Zilstein, which of the following has an important effect on affiliation?

A) propinquity
B) reciprocation
C) reinforcement
D) similarity
E) fear

Question 11

Which of the following has been relate to a secure attachment style?

A) general marital satisfaction
B) a more positive schema regarding close relationships
C) more supportive and trusting to their partners
D) limited to a romantic partner
E) all except d

Question 12

In their field study of patients about to undergo major surgery, Kulik and Mahler found that patients preferred to:

A) wait with others about to have the same surgery
B) have a roommate who was already recovering from the same surgery
C) have the company of a family member or close friend for as long as possible while waiting for their surgery
D) wait alone
E) have a roommate who was waiting for a different type of surgery

Question 13

Elizabeth is going away to college and plans to live in the college residence. According to research on propinquity, Elizabeth is most likely to make friends with:

A) people who live in another residence
B) students who live on the main floor
C) people who live near the stairwells
D) students who live on other floors
E) students in the next room

Question 14

Levinger and Snoek (1972) propose that interpersonal relationships can be described in terms of a series of identifiable stages. How many are there?

A) five
B) four
C) three
D) six
E) seven

Question 15

We are more likely to become friends with people we see frequently. This is the effect of:

A) reciprocation
B) affiliation
C) propinquity
D) attachment
E) mutuality

Question 16

Which of the following represents the finding of the study of friendships within the student apartment building? Students who became friends were most likely to be:

A) similar in their attitudes
B) similar in their interests
C) similar in their values
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 17

When people are aware of each other and interact in rather casual terms, the relationship is described as:

A) surface contact
B) awareness
C) affiliation
D) attachment
E) mutuality

Question 18

Increased opportunities for interaction, and increased anticipation of future interaction are involved in explaining the effects of __________ on attraction.

A) attachment
B) similarity
C) complementarity
D) propinquity
E) attributions

Question 19

A clear contradiction to the 'familiarity breeds contempt' saying is illustrated in:

A) the proximity effect
B) the mere exposure effect
C) the watching hypothesis
D) mutuality
E) reciprocation

Question 20

The __________ effect suggests that meeting a person repeatedly tends to lead to more positive evaluations of that person.

A) similarity
B) complementarity
C) mere exposure
D) Doppler
E) propinquity

Question 21

Which of the following is supported by research on interpersonal attraction?

A) familiarity breeds attraction
B) familiarity breeds contempt
C) beauty times brains equals a constant
D) what is beautiful is frivolous
E) none of the above

Question 22

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for:

A) why familiarity breeds contempt
B) why familiarity leads to liking
C) the equity phenomenon
D) why familiarity leads to matching
E) the matching phenomenon

Question 23

There are several reasons why physical proximity determines attraction. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) increase in opportunities for interaction
B) increase in the anticipation of interaction
C) similarity in attitudes and values
D) the mere exposure effect
E) all of the above

Question 24

The finding that people pair off with others who are about as attractive as themselves is known as:

A) complementarity
B) physical attractiveness stereotype
C) similarity
D) the matching phenomenon
E) the reciprocity effect

Question 25

According to Feingold (1989), the matching phenomenon occurs least often among:

A) female friends
B) romantic couples
C) male friends
D) new relationships
E) fixed marriages

Question 26

Pairs of friends and lovers tend to be __________ in physical attractiveness.

A) high
B) moderate
C) equal
D) unequal (one is usually more attractive)
E) uncorrelated

Question 27

In the study by Kiesler and Baral (1970) in which the self-esteem of male participants was deliberately manipulated, they found that:

A) participants whose self-esteem had been lowered were more likely to make advances toward a female with low esteem
B) participants whose self-esteem was lowered were more likely to make advances to a female with high self-esteem
C) participants whose self-esteem was lowered were more likely to make advances toward an unattractive female than an attractive female
D) participants whose self-esteem had been enhanced were more likely to make advances toward an unattractive than an attractive female
E) participants whose self-esteem was lowered were more likely to make advances toward an attractive than an unattractive female

Question 28

John, an average-looking student has been dating three people. Anne is an extremely attractive and popular student. Mary is rather plain looking, rather unattractive in fact, but she is a very bright student. Emily is moderately attractive. According to the matching hypothesis:

A) John is most likely to develop a more serious relationship with Emily
B) John is more likely to develop a romantic relationship with Anne than with Emily
C) John will probably continue to date Mary but not the other two girls
D) six months from now John is more likely to still be seeing Mary than either of the other two girls
E) none of the above

Question 29

When shown a picture of an average young woman, men who had been watching the TV show 'Charlie's Angels' rated her as __________ than did men who had not been watching the program.

A) more intelligent
B) more attractive
C) less attractive
D) less intelligent
E) less confident

Question 30

According to Pennebaker's research in country-and-western bars, men perceive women to be __________ at closing time.

A) more intoxicated
B) less intoxicated
C) more attractive
D) less attractive
E) more attractive and intoxicated

Question 31

Studies on interpersonal attractiveness have shown that:

A) we often attribute negative personality characteristics to attractive people
B) attractive children are very unpopular among their same-sex peers
C) we expect nothing unusually favourable or unfavourable from physically attractive people
D) we tend to attribute positive personality characteristics to attractive people
E) the findings are too contradictory to warrant a firm conclusion

Question 32

Which of the following is true of Dion, Berscheid and Walster's (1972) study of ratings given to very attractive, average, and unattractive persons? The attractive person was:

A) rated as having a higher occupational status
B) said to be more likely to be happily married
C) thought to be content in his social life
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 33

According to evolutionary theory, what factor drives our positive orientation towards physically attractive people?

A) a 'beautiful is good' stereotype
B) matching
C) reproductive fitness
D) post-decision dissonance
E) none of the above

Question 34

The results of many studies cited in the text suggest that differences in the psychological characteristics of attractive and unattractive people are:

A) in the eyes of the beholder
B) the result of self-fulfilling prophecies
C) innate
D) an example of demand characteristics
E) a result of persistent discrimination against unattractive people

Question 35

In the study by Dion and Dion (1987), participants were asked to fill out a Just World scale and later shown photographs of attractive and unattractive males and females and asked to rate them on a variety of characteristics. They found that believers in a just world:

A) rated physically attractive males as having more socially desirable characteristics
B) had a positive bias toward winners in life and perceived attractive males as belonging to this category
C) had a positive bias toward winners in life and perceived attractive females as belonging to this category
D) both a and b
E) both a and c

Question 36

When we meet physically attractive people we tend to:

A) attribute negative personality characteristics to them
B) attribute positive personality characteristics to them
C) expect nothing unusually favourable or unfavourable about them
D) trust them less
E) distrust them completely

Question 37

Newcomb's study of how friendships developed among students in a residence or a university in the United States indicate that:

A) 'similar' students formed friendships initially, but as the weeks passed, 'complementary' students began to form friendships that turned out to be more lasting
B) those whose attitudes were initially most similar were likely to form close friendships
C) those whose attitudes and interests were initially complementary were most likely to form close friendships
D) perceived attitude similarity was significantly related to attraction only in the final weeks of the study
E) the students, for the most part, changed their attitudes and values to keep friendships formed earlier on

Question 38

When a person is similar to us in values and attitudes, we:

A) are less likely to expect the person to be attracted to us because it is opposites that attract
B) are likely to adopt a wait-and-see attitude
C) are more likely to like the person
D) often find the person unstimulating and rather boring
E) tend to develop a complementary-type relationship with them

Question 39

The notion that a person's attraction to someone depends on the proportion of similar attitudes between them is known as:

A) Byrne's law
B) the matching phenomenon
C) the principle of similarity
D) the law of reciprocity
E) balance theory

Question 40

Byrne's Law states that attraction is determined by the:

A) level of physical attractiveness
B) matching in physical attractiveness
C) proportion of similar attitudes
D) balance between attraction and attitudes
E) perceived similarities in values

Question 41

In Newcomb's study of the development of friendships in a rooming house, which statement most accurately represents the results?

A) those who were most similar later became attracted to each other
B) the discovery of similarities preceded attraction
C) attraction developed among those matched in physical attraction
D) attraction developed rapidly before people knew whose attitudes were similar to their own and whose were not
E) repulsion from dissimilar people preceded attraction

Question 42

The finding that attraction develops rapidly, before people have much information about each other's attitudes, supports the hypothesis that:

A) attraction increases with the proportion of similar attitudes
B) attraction is the consequence of perceived similarity
C) we assume that the people whom we like are more similar to us than they really are
D) attitudes are really irrelevant to attraction
E) attraction is irrelevant to judgments of similarity

Question 43

Research on self-monitoring and interpersonal attraction has shown that:

A) high self-monitors tend to choose romantic partners on the basis of physical attractiveness
B) low self-monitors tend to choose friends on the basis of similarity preferences for recreational activities
C) high self-monitors tend to be guided by similarities in personality traits and attitudes
D) low self-monitors tend to be guided by similarities in personality traits and attitudes
E) both a and d

Question 44

Which of the following would be consistent with a prediction by Heider's balance theory?

A) you like people because it satisfies a need for approval
B) you would prefer to disagree with someone you like
C) you would prefer to be liked by someone who dislikes you
D) you would like or dislike people for intellectual reasons
E) none of the above

Question 45

Under which of these circumstances is similarity likely to lead to decreased liking?

A) someone outperforms us on a task that is of little importance to us
B) very good friends have similar attitudes
C) a number of roommates have a high similarity in values
D) a person that stresses several similarities with us suffers a nervous breakdown
E) two people both love tennis

Question 46

Proponents of the balance theory of interpersonal attraction are unable to:

A) explain why we like those who like us
B) explain why proximity is rewarding
C) explain why we like those who support our views
D) predict which of the components will change in order to restore balance
E) balance theories that offer explanations for all the above

Question 47

Research indicates that online dating sites:

A) provide a broad range of facts and impressions of potential partners
B) self-presentation is more spontaneous
C) self-disclosure often happens more rapidly than in face-to-face situations
D) there is no clear evidence that the matching procedures that dating sites use is superior to more traditional face-to-face situations
E) all of the above

Question 48

In the experiment testing the similarity effect on attraction in which participants were presented with photos of people, it was found that:

A) attraction was significantly lower when people were told the person in the photo had attitudes dissimilar to their own
B) attraction was the same when people received no information about the person's attitudes as it was when they were told the person's attitudes were dissimilar to their own
C) attraction depended on physical characteristics alone
D) attraction was significantly higher when the person in the photo was both wealthy and attractive
E) attraction was affected by only similarity and not by dissimilarity in attitudes of the person in the photo

Question 49

According to the reinforcement-affect model:

A) we like a person with whom we associate reward even if we do not attribute the reward to that person
B) we tend to like people if we feel a duty to do so
C) we like a person if we somehow get rewarded by them
D) we tend to like people even if they are obnoxious if we expect to have further interaction with them
E) continuous rewards lead to the development of affect

Question 50

We tend to like people whom we associate with feeling good, according to:

A) balance theory
B) reinforcement-affect theory
C) repulsion theory
D) gain/loss effect
E) none of the above

Question 51

You tend to be less attracted to someone who criticizes you if that person:

A) often criticized you in the past
B) previously acted positively to you
C) was someone you had disliked
D) was someone whom you had previously liked
E) has less social power than you

Question 52

Sometimes we tend to like even obnoxious people because we expect to have further interaction with them. This is referred to as:

A) the social responsibility norm
B) reinforcement-affect model
C) the 'no-choice' effect
D) the equity rule
E) excitation-transfer theory

Question 53

Which of the following is true of self-disclosure?

A) a person who engages in self-disclosure is always liked more
B) disclosure tends to elicit reciprocated disclosure
C) a person who engages in self-disclosure is always liked less
D) self-disclosure leads to infatuation but not true love
E) none of the above

Question 54

We do not like people who disclose highly personal information to us if:

A) they are not the sort of people who open up to everyone
B) they do it as soon as we meet
C) we have asked them to tell us about themselves
D) they seem to reveal values and attitudes
E) we believe they trust us and have singled us out for the disclosure

Question 55

The idea that people alternate in giving personal information about themselves to each other is known as:

A) the reciprocity norm for self-disclosure
B) the norm of reciprocity in helping situations
C) the stable exchange stage of relationships
D) a reciprocal friendship
E) mutuality

Question 56

Self-disclosure is important at __________ stage of a relationship.

A) the surface contact
B) the awareness
C) the mutuality
D) every stage
E) both a and b

Question 57

When people go out together for several times and discuss many different topics, this represents the __________ aspect in Altman and Taylor's model of self-disclosure.

A) depth
B) breadth
C) equality
D) mutuality
E) intimacy

Question 58

What social psychological phenomenon has been liked to gambling or addictive behaviours at the level of opioid, oxytocin and dopamine in the brain?

A) negative attitudes
B) love relationships
C) attachment
D) affiliation
E) self-disclosure

Question 59

The extent to which intimate details are revealed refers to the __________ of self disclosure in Altman and Taylor's social penetration theory.

A) breadth
B) depth
C) width
D) willingness
E) limits

Question 60

Turkel (2011) used what to provide human companionship to isolated older people in residences?

A) robots
B) social websites
C) children
D) dogs
E) cats

Question 61

Which hypothesis best accounts for why people are frequent users of Internet social websites?

A) 'rich get richer'
B) social compensation
C) a for girls, b for boys
D) a for boys, b for girls
E) neither is supportable

Question 62

Rubin found that scores on scales measuring liking and loving were moderately related. What distinguished loving from liking?

A) sexual arousal
B) gazing into each other's eyes
C) persistence over time
D) passion
E) none of the above

Question 63

Sternberg's triangular theory of love consists of:

A) passion
B) commitment
C) intimacy
D) all of above
E) none of above

Question 64

According to the equity theory of personal relations, people:

A) give and receive goods in a relationship
B) want to feel that they are not exploited, and are not taking unfair advantage of others
C) gladly accept lavish generosity from others
D) do not object when their relationship with another person is out of balance for a long time
E) who consider themselves overburdened in a relationship are likely to be happy that they are being of some value to others

Question 65

Attraction to a stranger is a function of the proportion of similar attitudes. This is known as:

A) relativity principle
B) Byrne' law
C) triangular theory
D) schema of similarity-attraction
E) physical beauty principle

Question 66

A partner in a relationship who feels he is expressing more affection may demand an increase in affection from the partner or reduce his own affection. His behaviour is:

A) an attempt to achieve complementarity
B) an attempt to restore equity
C) an example of the over-exposure effect
D) an example of the matching phenomenon
E) a demonstration of the problems of social penetration

Question 67

According to attachment theory, what is the goal of attachment?

A) secure base for exploring the world
B) basis for romantic love
C) safe haven
D) both b and c
E) both a and c

Question 68

Which theory of interpersonal exchange describes resources in terms of concreteness and particularism?

A) Argyle and Dean's model
B) the equity model
C) the social penetration theory
D) triangular theory
E) Foa's model

Question 69

Which of the following have been identified as attachment orientations

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) all of above
E) only a and b

Question 70

The strongest predictor of satisfaction is rewards and costs. Such a statement supports:

A) the norm of equality
B) equity theory
C) social exchange theory
D) social comparison theory
E) balance theory

Question 71

Social exchange is affected by:

A) costs versus rewards
B) communal versus exchange relationship
C) egocentric bias
D) perception of equity
E) all of the above

Question 72

According to Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is NOT included?

A) passion
B) intimacy
C) decision
D) emotional arousal e commitment

Question 73

According to the model of interpersonal exchange, strict 'bookkeeping' of rewards and costs would indicate that:

A) a relationship is perfectly matched
B) a relationship is based on equity
C) the relationship has been on for a long time
D) the relationship is not yet intimate
E) the relationship is mutually satisfying

Question 74

Which of the following is not characteristic of social exchanges in intimate relationships?

A) tend to be more particularistic
B) are less immediate
C) subject to egocentric bias
D) a need to 'keep score' of rewards and costs
E) all of the above

Question 75

A longitudinal study of participants before and one or two years after they had become connected with the Internet (Kraut et al., 1998) found that greater use of the Internet was associated with:

A) declines in the participants' communication with others in their households
B) declines in the number of people they socialized with at least once a month
C) increased levels of loneliness and depression in those who spent most time on the Internet
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 76

The view that new relations are mostly based on shared values and that more lasting encounters are based on complementary needs, is known as:

A) noncorrespondent outcomes
B) the stage theory of interpersonal attraction
C) the law of proportional similarity
D) the cognitive balance principle
E) the sequential filter theory

Question 77

Aron, Paris, and Aron (1995) found that falling in love is accompanied by:

A) increased impression management
B) an increase in the complexity of the self-concept
C) an increase in feelings of self-worth
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 78

According to the text, which of the following may characterize romantic love?

A) a passionate emotional and physical involvement
B) an interpersonal 'game' of manipulation without deep emotional involvement
C) passion and game-playing that may be very possessive
D) a rational and deliberate process of choosing a mate
E) all of the above

Question 79

Which of the following is not one of Sternberg's components of love?

A) passion
B) attachment
C) intimacy
D) decision
E) commitment

Question 80

According to Walster and Walster (1978) which of the following is an attribute of companionate love?

A) highly emotional
B) overwhelming and agonizing
C) deeply felt involvement
D) commitment and friendship
E) both c and d