Deck 9: Memory

Question 1

Trying to remember information by visualizing some an image in your head requires:

A)The phonological loop
B)The visuospatial sketchpad
C)Habitual sensitization
D)Classical conditioning

Answer 1

The visuospatial sketchpad

Question 2

Memory of events and facts falls into which category of memory?

A)Visuospatial sketchpad
B)Long-term
C)Working
D)Implicit

Answer 2

Long-term

Question 3

Long-term memory is subdivided into which categories?

A)Working and explicit
B)Working and implicit
C)Implicit and explicit
D)Working and nondeclarative

Answer 3

Implicit and explicit

Question 4

An example of a declarative episode is:

A)Knowing how to swim
B)Knowing how to drive a car
C)Feeling happy when you smell cookies baking
D)Recalling events at your 10th birthday party

Question 5

In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, the ringing of the bell is the:

A)Conditioned stimulus
B)Unconditioned stimulus
C)Unconditioned response
D)Conditioned response

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a behavior learned through operant conditioning?

A)A rabbit freezes at the sight of a predator
B)A rat freezes when hearing a tone that was previously followed by an electric shock
C)A rat learns that pushing the left lever produces a food pellet
D)A dog salivates when presented with food

Question 7

The neural circuitry of the amygdala is associated with:

A)Declarative memory
B)Learned emotional responses
C)Working memory
D)Skeletal muscles responses

Question 8

A rat enters a maze and heads to the right. The rat finds food at the end of the right fork of the maze. What should happen the next time the rat enters the maze?

A)There is an increased probability that the rat will switch and go to the left
B)There is an increased probability that the rat will go to the right
C)There is a 50/50 chance that the rat will go to the right
D)None of the above

Question 9

An individual suffering from semantic dementia would most likely be unable to recall:

A)Their 50th birthday
B)Where they live
C)What sound a dog makes
D)How to ride a bicycle

Question 10

The hippocampus contains ____ distinct regions of neurons.

A)Four
B)Six
C)two
D)Eight

Question 11

PET and fMRI studies on episodic memory show that the hippocampus is active during the retrieval of:

A)Procedural memories
B)Recent autobiographical episodes
C)Both recent and remote autobiographical episodes
D)Remote autobiographical episodes

Question 12

The Morris water maze and the radial arm maze are both use to run experiments on which type of memory?

A)Procedural
B)Spatial
C)Episodic
D)Working

Question 13

The multiple-trace theory says that the hippocampus is continually involved in recalling:

A)Episodic memories
B)Spatial memories
C)Procedural memories
D)Semantic memories

Question 14

Which type of evidence for functional localization is obtained during surgery, while the patient is awake and able to report physical effects to the surgeon?

A)Correlational evidence
B)Connectivity evidence
C)Lesion evidence
D)Stimulation evidence

Question 15

What is one reason why it is possible for some individuals to memorize and recall enormous amounts of information in a short period of time?

A)They have twice as many connections between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex
B)They remember the information by associating it with a location
C)They have hippocampuses 15% larger than typical humans
D)They have a larger prefrontal cortex

Question 16

What is a characteristic of a confabulation?

A)The individual is aware that the reality they are acting on does not exist
B)The confabulation must not contain any true information
C)The individual acts as if they believe the false reality
D)Two or more individuals must be involved in the confabulation

Question 17

_____ is the proclivity of an individual to believe and even elaborate on implanted false memories.

A)Confabulation
B)Suggestibility
C)Misattribution
D)Bias

Question 18

Brain activity differences between true and false memories are most easily observed at the time of memory:

A)recollection
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)enhancement

Question 19

Neuroscientists Bliss and Lomo stimulated input nerve fibers in the rabbit hippocampus and made what discovery?

A)Postsynaptic neurons are not affected by the activity of the presynaptic neurons
B)The brain is made of discrete neurons, rather than a continuous netwrok of neurons
C)Synapses are not involved in episodic memory
D)Synaptic connections could be changed by the activity in the neurons involved

Question 20

After a long-term memory has been recalled, the memory must be:

A)Reconsolidated
B)Put into working memory for a brief period of time
C)Transfered to a new location
D)Reconstructed

Question 21

Blocking protein synthesis can prevent _______ of memories.

A)Recollection
B)Deletion
C)Reconsolidation
D)All of the above

Question 22

Which species grows new neurons daily?

A)Humans
B)Mice
C)Dogs
D)All of the above

Question 23

The small protrusions from dendrites are referred to as:

A)Axons
B)Dendritic spines
C)Dendritic branches
D)Epigenetics

Question 24

What will happen to the strength of a synapse between neurons A and B if the input of neuron A comes long after neuron B has fired?

A)The synapse is weakened
B)There is no change
C)The synapse is strengthened
D)None of the above

Question 25

What is one limitation of a neural network?

A)Neural networks cannot distinguish between relevant and irrelevant information
B)They are biologically implausible
C)Neural networks look for relationships rather than details
D)Neural networks are able to learn with only one trial

Question 26

Which type of memory lasts for only seconds, or perhaps a few minutes?

A)Declarative memory"
B)Implicit memory"
C)Working memory"
D)Explicit memory"

Question 27

Two subcategories of working memory are:

A)Declarative and nondeclarative"
B)The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad"
C)Skills and events"
D)Explicit and implicit"

Question 28

Repeating a series of words or numbers over and over in your head in order to remember them requires:

A)Classical conditioning"
B)The phonological loop"
C)Habitual sensitization"
D)The visuospatial sketchpad"

Question 29

Episodic memories are about events, whereas semantic memories are about:

A)Unconscious movements"
B)Skills"
C)Emotions"
D)Facts"

Question 30

Nondeclarative, or implicit, memory is subdivided into which categories?

A)Classical conditioning"
B)Skills"
C)Perceptual priming"
D)All of the above"

Question 31

Which component of memory falls under both long-term and working memory?

A)Explicit"
B)The phonological loop"
C)The visuospatial sketchpad"
D)Implicit"

Question 32

The theory of "7 +/- 2" describes the capacity of which type of memory?

A)Explicit"
B)Nondeclarative"
C)Working"
D)Long-term"

Question 33

Implicit memory refers to memories that are:

A)Autobiographical events"
B)Episodic"
C)Unconscious motor or emotional memories"
D)Semantic"

Question 34

An example of an implicit memory is:

A)Knowing the multiplication table"
B)Knowing the recipe for chocolate cake"
C)Knowing how to brush your hair"
D)Knowing what your father's face looks like"

Question 35

An example of an explicit memory is:

A)Knowing how to dribble a basketball"
B)Knowing that Austin is the capital of Texas"
C)Knowing how to read"
D)Knowing how to brush your teeth"

Question 36

Life episodes and facts are categorized as which type of memory?

A)Working"
B)Nondeclarative"
C)Explicit"
D)Implicit"

Question 37

Procedural memories are:

A)Stored in the hippocampus"
B)A kind of explicit memory"
C)Memories for how to perform skills or habits"
D)A type of working memory"

Question 38

The circuitry of the striatum is thought to be important in which type of memory?

A)Priming"
B)Procedural"
C)Classical conditioning"
D)Working"

Question 39

In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, salivation at the presentation of food is the:

A)Conditioned stimulus"
B)Unconditioned response"
C)Unconditioned stimulus"
D)Conditioned response"

Question 40

In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, the presentation of food is the:

A)Unconditioned response"
B)Conditioned stimulus"
C)Unconditioned stimulus"
D)Conditioned response"

Question 41

In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, salivating after the ringing of the bell alone is the:

A)Unconditioned response"
B)Conditioned response"
C)Conditioned stimulus"
D)Unconditioned stimulus"

Question 42

Which famous scientist is known for work with dogs and the discovery of classical conditioning?

A)Jill Price"
B)Henry Molaison"
C)Ivan Pavlov"
D)B)F. Skinner"

Question 43

Which famous scientist is known for work with operant conditioning?

A)Henry Molaison"
B)Jill Price"
C)B)F. Skinner"
D)Ivan Pavlov"

Question 44

The cerebellum and brainstem are associated with which type of memory?

A)Learned emotional responses"
B)Explicit memory"
C)Working memory"
D)Skeletal muscle responses"

Question 45

Nonassociative learning and sensitization involve:

A)Pairing behavior with punishment"
B)Repeated exposure to the same stimulus"
C)An unconditioned response"
D)Rewards and aversive outcomes"

Question 46

Explicit memory is subdivided into which two categories?

A)Classical and operant conditioning"
B)Episodic and semantic"
C)Declarative and nondeclarative"
D)Working and long-term"

Question 47

An example of an episodic memory is:

A)Knowing that 8 - 2 = 6."
B)Buying your very first car"
C)Knowing how to read"
D)Recognizing your best friend's face"

Question 48

Episodic memories can be either vague and without context (called familiarity), or richly detailed, called:

A)Procedural"
B)Recollection"
C)Classical"
D)Semantic"

Question 49

A dog salivates at the sight and smell of food. A scientist starts ringing a bell just before the food is presented. What will likely happen if the scientist repeats the procedure many times?

A)The dog will be unconditioned to salivate when it sees the scientist"
B)The dog will cease salivating at the presentation of both food and bell"
C)The dog will be conditioned to salivate only to the presentation of food"
D)The dog will be conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell"

Question 50

A rat enters a maze and heads to the left. The rat is shocked once it reaches the end of the left fork of the maze. What is most likely to happen the next time the rat enters the maze?

A)There is a 50/50 chance that the rat will head to the left"
B)There is an increased probability that the rat will refuse to move"
C)There is an increased probability that the rat will head to the right."
D)There is an increased probability that the rat will head to the left again."

Question 51

The knowledge of autobiographical facts are which type of memory?

A)Nondeclarative"
B)Episodic"
C)Semantic"
D)Procedural"

Question 52

Semantic memories are:

A)Memories of past autobiographical events"
B)Memories of facts about the outside world"
C)Memories for how to perform skills or habits"
D)All of the above"

Question 53

An example of a semantic memory is:

A)Knowing that 4 + 4 = 8"
B)Knowing that the Mayflower landed on Plymouth Rock"
C)Knowing what an apple tastes like"
D)Knowing how to use a computer keyboard"

Question 54

Alzheimer's disease effects which type of memory most dramatically?

A)Semantic"
B)Nondeclarative"
C)Procedural"
D)Episodic"

Question 55

Place cells are neurons that fire only when an organism is:

A)Presented with a particular stimulus"
B)Rewarded"
C)Unconscious of their surroundings"
D)Located in a particular place in its local environment"

Question 56

Anterograde amnesia affects:

A)The forming of new procedural memories"
B)Episodic memories made before a traumatic event such as head injury or brain surgery"
C)Working memory"
D)The forming of new episodic memories"

Question 57

Retrograde amnesia affects:

A)The forming of new episodic memories"
B)The forming of new procedural memories"
C)Episodic memories made before a traumatic event such as a head injury"
D)Working memory"

Question 58

The hippocampal formation is contained within the:

A)Amygdala"
B)Subiculum"
C)Medial Temporal Lobe"
D)Dentate gyrus"

Question 59

The hippocampus is located on the medial edge of the:

A)Parietal lobe"
B)Occipital lobe"
C)Frontal lobe"
D)Temporal lobe"

Question 60

Object recognition and memory is linked with the pathway that connects the perirhinal cortex to the lateral entorhinal cortex to the:

A)Parahippocampal gyrus"
B)Amygdala"
C)Hippocampal formation"
D)Dentate gyrus"

Question 61

The pathway that connects the postrhinal cortex, medial entorhinal cortex, and hippocampal formation is associated with:

A)Facial recognition"
B)Object recognition and memory"
C)Spatial memory and spatial cognitive mapping"
D)Emotional memory"

Question 62

Emotional memory is associate with which region of the brain?

A)The medulla"
B)The amygdala"
C)The cerebellum"
D)The pons"

Question 63

Emotional events may be more likely to be remembered due to the connection between:

A)The midbrain and the cerebellum"
B)The amygdala and the hippocampal formation"
C)The amygdala and the cerebellum"
D)The hippocampal formation and the midbrain"

Question 64

Place cells and grid cells are involved in which type of memory?

A)Episodic"
B)Working"
C)Procedural"
D)Spatial"

Question 65

Experiments on spatial memory show that bilateral lesions to the _____ impair the ability to navigate in an environment.

A)visuospatial cortex"
B)hippocampus"
C)occipital lobe"
D)midbrain"

Question 66

In the Morris water maze task, rats are attempting to find the hidden platform using:

A)Episodic memory"
B)Procedural memory"
C)Scent memory"
D)Visual cues and spatial memory"

Question 67

As seen in both animals with food-caching behavior and in humans who must acquire a detailed cognitive map of an area, the ______ is able to increase in volume over time.

A)Frontal lobe"
B)Hippocampus"
C)Visuospatial cortex"
D)Amygdala"

Question 68

In the declarative theory, the hippocampus is important for all consciously recalled forms of memory, but only:

A)After the memories have entered long-term memory storage"
B)During old age"
C)While memories are relatively new"
D)If the memories are formed before adulthood"

Question 69

Which hippocampal function theory states that the hippocampus is critical for detailed recollection of the context of an episode?

A)Declarative theory"
B)Dual-process theory"
C)Multiple-trace theory"
D)Cognitive map theory"

Question 70

The cognitive map theory states that hippocampus of a human is involved with both episodic and _____ memories.

A)Working"
B)Spatial"
C)Procedural"
D)Semantic"

Question 71

If we take an evolutionary perspective on the hippocampus, it would make sense to assume that:

A)An organism needs spatial memories to survive, but not episodic"
B)Episodic memories are critical for survival, but spatial memories are not"
C)Both spatial and episodic memories are needed for survival"
D)None of the above"

Question 72

Which type of evidence for functional localization is obtained using a PET scan or and fMRI?

A)Lesion evidence"
B)Stimulation evidence"
C)Connectivity evidence"
D)Correlational evidence"

Question 73

The medial prefrontal cortex, used for reasoning and planning ahead, is also used when determining:

A)What route to take when traveling"
B)The meaning of social stimuli"
C)The value of stimuli"
D)All of the above"

Question 74

A lesion on the medial prefrontal cortex would most likely result in the inability to distinguish between:

A)The right and left sides of the body"
B)Relevant and irrelevant memories"
C)Rewards and punishments"
D)Faces of known individuals"

Question 75

While walking several blocks to your local market, your brain is at work planning your next several moves. Which area of the brain is most critical when internally mapping out your route?

A)The superior temporal sulcus"
B)The temporoparietal junction"
C)The retrosplenial cortex"
D)The medial prefrontal cortex"

Question 76

Lesions to this area of the brain, which notices stimuli or simple events in the immediate environment, may produce hemineglect:

A)The medial prefrontal cortex"
B)The superior temporal sulcus"
C)The temporoparietal junction"
D)The retrosplenial cortex"

Question 77

Social cues and social stimuli are associated with this section of the brain:

A)The temporoparietal junction"
B)The medial prefrontal cortex"
C)The superior temporal sulcus"
D)The retrosplenial cortex"

Question 78

Which is an example of prospection in an animal?

A)A bird unearthing previously cached food"
B)A dog marking its territory"
C)A mouse navigating a straight tunnel toward a piece of cheese"
D)A rat ""imagining"" going down a path before actually traveling down that path"

Question 79

The BBB model of prospection states that _____ are critical to mental imagery.

A)Dendritic spines"
B)Confabulations"
C)Hippocampal place cells"
D)Magnesium ions"

Question 80

It is suggested that the reason our memories can be "fuzzy" is because the brain:

A)Often misfires during recall"
B)Releases too many magnesium ions at once"
C)Dose not have enough space to remember all that we perceive each day"
D)Has the flexibility to reconstruct, rather than literally recall, information"