Deck 16: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

Question 1

What we now call epilepsy was first described over 2,000 years ago by:

A)Plato
B)Socrates
C)Hippocrates
D)Sophicles

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

Neurofibrillary tangles are comprised of:

A)Tau protein
B)Kappa protein
C)Beta protein
D)Gamma protein

Answer 2

Tau protein

Question 3

Activities that insure a stable supply of nutrients to the brain may lower risk of:

A)Huntington's disease
B)Depression
C)Bipolar disorder
D)Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 3

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 4

Unlike in Alzheimer's, patients with frontotemporal dementia often have no _____ deficits.

A)Behavioral
B)Social
C)Episodic memory
D)Semantic Knowledge

Question 5

A patient unable to draw critical features of a zebra, despite having normal motor function, may be suffering from:

A)Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia
B)Semantic dementia
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)Bipolar disorder

Question 6

Patients with semantic dementia lose access to the _____ of stimuli.

A)Shape
B)Meaning
C)Size
D)Color

Question 7

Damage to the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum is symptomatic of:

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Semantic dementia
C)Frontotemporal dementia
D)Huntington's disease

Question 8

Huntington's disease often first affects the _____ pathway of the motor control loop.

A)Excitatory
B)Direct
C)Inhibitory
D)Inferior

Question 9

Although limited in effectiveness, drugs for Huntington's disease have focused on regulating ______ in the brain.

A)Dopamine
B)Acetylcholine
C)Huntingtin protein
D)Amyloid plaques

Question 10

Some individuals with Tourette syndrome suffer from intense urge to complete complex sets of behaviors called:

A)Obsessions
B)Sequences
C)Compulsions
D)Motor tics

Question 11

Electrically stimulating the ____ can produce strong urges to make a particular movement, or even elicit the movement itself.

A)Temporal poles
B)Supplementary motor area
C)Orbitofrontal cortex
D)All of the above

Question 12

Thinning of cortical regions involved in motor control is symptomatic of:

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Frontotemporal dementia
C)Tourette syndrome
D)Huntington's disease

Question 13

Hyperactivity in the processing loop between the ventral striatum and the orbitofrontal cortex is implicated in:

A)Obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)Frontotemporal dementia
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)Semantic dementia

Question 14

Voxel-based morphometry relies on images collected using imaging.

A)PET
B)MEG
C)MRI
D)CT

Question 15

A common medicinal treatment for OCD tries to increase the amount of _____ in the brain and has some success in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Epinephrine
C)Opiods
D)Serotonin

Question 16

Positive symptoms, such as the ___________ that can be present in schizophrenia, are symptoms that appear with the disease.

A)Depression
B)Poverty of speech
C)Hallucinations
D)Apathy

Question 17

Older antipsychotics had the unfortunate side effect of ___________, which would impair motor function.

A)Parkinsonism
B)Flat affect
C)Hallucinations
D)Blurred vision

Question 18

Along with the dopamine hypothesis, there is also the ___________ hypothesis, both of which try to explain the causes for schizophrenia.

A)GABA
B)Glutamate
C)Serotonin
D)Norepinephrine

Question 19

Which disorder can be treated with lithium?

A)Obsessive compulsive disorder
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)Schizophrenia
D)Bipolar disorder

Question 20

At what period in life is depression most common in men (according to hospitalization numbers)?

A)15-20 years old
B)35-45 years old
C)80-89 years old
D)70-75 years old

Question 21

This is used to treat tuberculosis, and also raises monoamine levels:

A)Chlopromazine
B)Lithium
C)Reserpine
D)Iproniazid

Question 22

Prozac is a(n) _____________, and is used to treat depression.

A)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
B)Anxiolytic
C)Antipsychotic
D)Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)

Question 23

The combination of counseling and behavioral training is known as:

A)Psychotherapy
B)Pharmacotherapy
C)Somatic therapy
D)All of the above

Question 24

Newer medication for depression, such as SSRIs, tend to have _____ effectiveness and _____ side effects than MAOIs.

A)greater; fewer
B)greater; more
C)similar; fewer
D)similar; more

Question 25

This class of antidepressants works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and are named after a common feature of their molecular structure:

A)monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
B)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
C)Dopamine antagonists
D)Tricyclic antidepressants

Question 26

Hippocrates noted that a myriad of disordered behaviors were caused by malfunctions of the:

A)Liver"
B)Brain"
C)Spleen"
D)Heart"

Question 27

The core deficit of Alzheimer's disease is a progressive impairment of:

A)Vision"
B)Short-term memory"
C)Episodic memory"
D)Hearing"

Question 28

By age 85, the percentage of Alzheimer's in the population reaches:

A)80%"
B)40%"
C)10%"
D)20%"

Question 29

The _____ of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles determines the kind of deficit seen in Alzheimer's disease.

A)Size"
B)Length"
C)Age"
D)Location"

Question 30

Tau proteins can form tangles under a process called:

A)Hyperpolarization"
B)Depolarization"
C)Hyperphosphorylation"
D)Hypophosphorylation"

Question 31

Researchers can combine fMRI and ____ to compare functional connectivity with areas affected by amyloid plaques.

A)MRI"
B)PET"
C)TMS"
D)ECT"

Question 32

Based on the results from treatments that removed amyloid plaques, these plaques are better considered to be a(n) _____ of Alzheimer's disease.

A)Origin"
B)Consequence"
C)Cause"
D)Precursor"

Question 33

Physical activity has direct effects on Alzheimer's susceptibility by affecting:

A)The size of amyloid plaques"
B)Synaptogenesis"
C)Cholesterol levels"
D)Gray matter thickness"

Question 34

Physical activity has indirect effects on Alzheimer's susceptibility by affecting:

A)Mood"
B)Synaptogenesis"
C)Cholesterol levels"
D)Muscle mass"

Question 35

_____ dementia often strikes earlier than Alzheimer's disease.

A)Broca's"
B)Frontotemporal"
C)Posterior"
D)Lateral"

Question 36

In frontotemporal dementia the the frontal lobe and temporal pole degenerate resulting in smaller _____ and larger _____.

A)Axons; Dendrites"
B)Gyri; sulci"
C)Sulci; gyri"
D)Cortices; ventricles"

Question 37

The specific symptoms of frontotemporal dementia are most strongly linked with:

A)The gender of the patient"
B)The location of the degeneration"
C)The speed of the degeneration"
D)The age of the patient"

Question 38

A patient unable to remember specific details of a past birthday party may be suffering from:

A)behavioral variant dementia"
B)Alzheimer's disease"
C)Bipolar disorder"
D)Semantic dementia"

Question 39

A patient that has evidenced a one-time, severe change in personality may be suffering from:

A)Bipolar disorder"
B)Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia"
C)Alzheimer's disease"
D)Semantic dementia"

Question 40

Social functioning is likely to be unaffected by frontotemporal dementia if tissue degeneration occurs only in the:

A)Frontal lobe"
B)Orbitofrontal cortex"
C)Inferior frontal lobe"
D)Temporal poles"

Question 41

The specific pattern of deficits in semantic dementia argue for separate neural substrates for episodic memory and:

A)Long-term memory"
B)Spatial memory"
C)Semantic memory"
D)Short-term memory"

Question 42

The pathological tendency to repeat an action persistently, even when it no longer serves a useful purpose is called:

A)Repetition"
B)A motor tic"
C)A compulsion"
D)Perseveration"

Question 43

Involuntary movements, known as chorea, are symptomatic of:

A)Bipolar disorder"
B)Huntington's disease"
C)Frontotemporal dementia"
D)Alzheimer's disease"

Question 44

Huntington's disease visibly affects motor control, producing involuntary movements known as:

A)Spams"
B)Dyskinesia"
C)Chorea"
D)Motor tics"

Question 45

Unlike frontotemporal dementia, the damage in Huntington's disease is primarily:

A)In the temporal lobe"
B)In the orbitofrontal cortex"
C)Subcortical"
D)In the cortex"

Question 46

In Huntington's disease, one of the primary affected regions is the:

A)Thalamus"
B)Medulla"
C)Striatum"
D)Pons"

Question 47

Because Huntington's affects the striatum, one the primary symptoms is loss of:

A)Speech"
B)Abstract conceptual knowledge"
C)Spatial memory"
D)Motor control"

Question 48

Accumulations of Huntingtin protein are a telltale sign of:

A)Alzheimer's disease"
B)Frontotemporal dementia"
C)Huntington's disease"
D)Semantic dementia"

Question 49

Most neurological diseases are the result of:

A)Environmental contaminants"
B)Gene-environment interactions"
C)Heredity"
D)Genetic defects"

Question 50

Neuroleptics are dopamine agonist medications, and are also called _____, denoting the kind of symptoms they aim to treat.

A)Antidepressants"
B)Antipsychotics"
C)Antidopaminergic"
D)Anxiolytics"

Question 51

Antipsychotics are a class of medications that function as:

A)Dopamine agonists"
B)Acetylcholine antagonists"
C)Dopamine antagonists"
D)Acetylcholine agonists"

Question 52

The classical features of _____ include motor and vocal tics.

A)Huntington's disease"
B)Bipolar disorder"
C)Alzheimer's disease"
D)Tourette syndrome"

Question 53

Similar to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, individuals with Tourette syndrome can have trouble with suppressing:

A)Motor movements"
B)Speech sounds"
C)Shifts of attention"
D)All of the above"

Question 54

Some individuals with Tourette syndrome suffer from unwanted, intrusive thoughts called:

A)Auditory hallucinations"
B)Obsessions"
C)Compulsions"
D)Verbal tics"

Question 55

An individual that has an intense desire to touch all of the doorknobs in a room is suffering from a(n):

A)Motor tic"
B)Involuntary motor behavior"
C)Compulsion"
D)Obsession"

Question 56

An individual that has consistent, intrusive worries about contracting rare diseases is suffering from a(n):

A)Compulsion"
B)Auditory hallucination"
C)Verbal tic"
D)Obsession"

Question 57

The specific symptoms (for example, verbal vs. motor tics) of an individual with Tourette syndrome can be related to the _____ of cortical thinning.

A)Speed"
B)Location"
C)Age of onset"
D)All of the above"

Question 58

Tourette syndrome shows some consistent cortical thinning in cortical regions related to:

A)Speech Perception"
B)Speech Production"
C)Vision"
D)Motor control"

Question 59

One common class of drugs for treating severe motor tics arising from Tourette syndrome are:

A)Anxiolytics"
B)Antidepressants"
C)Dopamine agonists"
D)Neuroleptics"

Question 60

An individual that has consistent, intrusive worries about having clean hands and proceeds to wash them to the point of actually damaging them may be diagnosed with:

A)Tourette syndrome"
B)Alzheimer's disease"
C)Bipolar disorder"
D)Obsessive-compulsive disorder"

Question 61

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by the presence of behavioral compulsions and:

A)Depression"
B)Motor tics"
C)Obsessive thoughts"
D)Verbal tics"

Question 62

Individuals with OCD often have one of four main types of obsessions/compulsions, including:

A)An urge to earn good grades in school"
B)A fear of inadvertently harming someone"
C)An urge to make a simple sound at inappropriate times"
D)Uncontrolled motor movements"

Question 63

Hoarding of useless garbage could be a symptom of:

A)Tourette syndrome"
B)Alzheimer's disease"
C)Semantic dementia"
D)Obsessive-compulsive disorder"

Question 64

Two corticostriatal processing loops are often implicated in OCD, one between the ventral striatum and the orbitofrontal cortex, the other between the anterior caudate nucleus and the:

A)Orbitofrontal cortex"
B)Temporal pole"
C)Hippocampus"
D)Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex"

Question 65

Researchers can use _____ to measure brain activity associated with exposure to stimuli that trigger obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.

A)Electrical stimulation"
B)fMRI"
C)tDCS"
D)TMS"

Question 66

Individuals with brain damage to the _____ may develop symptoms of OCD.

A)Temporal poles"
B)Occipital lobes"
C)Hippocampus"
D)Basal ganglia"

Question 67

Voxel-based morphometry allows researchers to compare brain _____ between individuals with and without a specific neurological disorder.

A)Age"
B)Connectivity"
C)Activity"
D)Structure"

Question 68

Which technique would allow researchers to determine changes in the size of the hippocampus over time?

A)Resting state analysis"
B)PET"
C)Voxel-based morphometry"
D)TMS"

Question 69

The specific kind of obsessions (for example, hand-washing vs. hoarding) of an individual with OCD can be related to the _____ of brain activity when shown symptom-provoking images.

A)Speed"
B)Type"
C)Location"
D)None of the above"

Question 70

Individuals with the "washing" subtype of OCD showed increased brain activity in the _____ when shown symptom-specific images.

A)putamen"
B)lateral prefrontal cortex"
C)Subgenual cingulate cortex"
D)subthalamic nucleus"

Question 71

This behavioral exercise approach involves presenting increasingly intense stimuli to an individual with OCD without allowing them to engage in the compulsive behavior.

A)Exposure prevention"
B)Cognitive interviewing"
C)Exposure and response prevention"
D)Motivational interviewing"

Question 72

A key aspect of behavioral therapies for OCD is a focus on having the individual _____ to the anxiety elicited by particular stimuli.

A)Sensitize"
B)Become accustomed"
C)Habituate"
D)Attend"

Question 73

One aspect of cognitive behavioral therapy is to correct the _____ the drive a patient's particular obsessions.

A)Speech defecits"
B)Cognitive distortions"
C)Auditory hallucinations"
D)Motor defecits"

Question 74

For severe OCD, a neurosurgeon may attempt to make small lesions in the _____, a region thought to be relevant for OCD symptoms.

A)Medial geniculate nucleus"
B)Anterior cingulate cortex"
C)Posterior cingulate cortex"
D)Lateral geniculate nucleus"

Question 75

Lesioning the anterior cingulate cortex is one approach for treating severe:

A)Semantic dementia"
B)Huntington's disease"
C)Alzheimer's disease"
D)Obsessive-compulsive disorder"

Question 76

A loss of contact with reality is referred to as:

A)Depression"
B)Thought disorder"
C)Psychosis"
D)Apathy"

Question 77

False beliefs, like those present in some cases of schizophrenia, are called:

A)Apathy"
B)Hallucinations"
C)Delusions"
D)Thought disorder"

Question 78

Subtle impairments of cognition and motivation seen in patients with schizophrenia are associated with:

A)Depression"
B)Delusions"
C)Flat affect"
D)Apathy"

Question 79

Negative symptoms, such as the _________ that can be present in schizophrenia, are functions that are lost when the disease appears.

A)Delusions"
B)Disorganized speech"
C)Flat affect"
D)Hallucinations"

Question 80

A loose association between ideas seen in patients with schizophrenia is known as:

A)Disorganized speech"
B)Thought disorder"
C)Poverty of speech"
D)Psychosis"