Deck 2: Foundations of development: Genetics and prenatal development

Question 1

During the prophase,which of the following processes occur?

A) the two identical 'daughter' cells are formed
B) the four chromosomes replicate
C) the replicated chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles of the cell
D) the four replicated (but still joined) chromosomes line up at the cell midline

Answer 1

the four chromosomes replicate

Question 2

In humans,the normal complement of chromosomes is

A) 23 pairs of chromosomes
B) 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes
C) 46 pairs of chromosomes
D) both A and B are correct

Answer 2

both A and B are correct

Question 3

Which of the following is not a period within prenatal development?

A) germinal period
B) embryonic period
C) foetal period
D) placental period

Answer 3

placental period

Question 4

A newborn is considered premature if he is born:

A) one or more weeks prior to his due date
B) three or more weeks prior to his due date
C) five or more weeks prior to his due date
D) at least a day prior to his due date

Question 5

At birth the child is assessed using the 'Apgar scale.' Which of the following is not one of the areas assessed?

A) reflex response
B) muscle tone
C) head circumference
D) colour

Question 6

There are over 7000 known genetic disorders,many of which affect behaviour.

Question 7

Which of the following is not an example of a recessive characteristic?

A) straight hair
B) baldness
C) green eyes
D) facial dimples

Question 8

Kisilevsky and Muir (1991)recorded the responsiveness of a foetus to a sound via a microphone placed on the mother's abdomen by measuring movements and heart rate.They found that the foetus initially responded vigorously to the new sound but this response eventually declined to the point where it no longer elicited a response.This research established that foetuses:

A) can hear in utero
B) habituate
C) discriminate
D) show movement

Question 9

Infant babbling,which occurs in all babies,even deaf ones,is an example of:

A) kinship
B) heritability coefficient
C) canalisation
D) heritability

Question 10

Mitosis is the process by which each cell is duplicated so that a second cell is identical in genetic make-up to the original.The four phases of mitosis are: anaphase,prophase,metaphase,telophase.What is the correct sequence of the four phases?

A) anaphase, telophase, metaphase, prophase
B) prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase
C) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
D) metaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase

Question 11

What is the term used to describe a ball of cells consisting of two layers of cells resulting from rapid cell replication?

A) trophoblast
B) chorion
C) blastocyst
D) zygote

Question 12

When the alleles from the two parents are different,the child is described as:

A) a carrier for that trait
B) heterozygous
C) homozygous
D) polygenically determined

Question 13

Which of the following is not an example of a teratogen in pregnant women?

A) diet
B) blood disorders
C) personality
D) temperature

Question 14

Which of the following was not an early idea of Mendel (1865)?

A) individuals inherit traits via 'factors'
B) sex-linked genes lead to particular traits skipping generations
C) individuals had pairs of genes (one from each parent)
D) the notion of dominant and recessive genes

Question 15

Research has shown strong genetic links in Alzheimer's disease.

Question 16

Which of the following is characteristic of the germinal period of prenatal development?

A) embryonic disc forms three layers
B) implantation
C) histogenesis
D) neural tube forms

Question 17

Which syndrome in females is caused by sex chromosome abnormalities and associated with short stature,infertility and a tendency for poor memory and spatial ability?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Poly-X syndrome
C) XYY syndrome
D) Turner's syndrome

Question 18

Psychologists are interested in attributes of behaviour that are polygenically determined.If aspects of a behaviour (e.g.cognitive ability)are governed largely by environmental factors,we would expect ________ to be more similar than ________.

A) adopted siblings; dizygotic twins
B) dizygotic twins; non-twin siblings
C) dizygotic twins; monozygotic twins
D) non-twin siblings; dizygotic twins

Question 19

What genetic disorder is the single most important cause of mental retardation?

A) Autism spectrum disorder
B) Fragile-X syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 20

Which of the following is a genetic disorder that is caused by chromosomal abnormalities?

A) Down syndrome
B) Fragile-X syndrome
C) Autism spectrum disorder
D) both A and B

Question 21

Research has indicated that bipolar disorder does not have strong genetic links.

Question 22

The majority of sex-linked traits are produced by recessive genes that are found only on the Y-chromosome.

Question 23

The infant mortality rate for Indigenous infants is approximately twice the rate in the general population.

Question 24

An exception to Mendel's law appears to be a group of characteristics that are determined by genes found only on the sex chromosomes.

Question 25

Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

Question 26

In the last month of gestation,the foetus increases in weight by 50%.

Question 27

Huntington's disease is caused by a recessive gene,whereas phenylketonuria (PKU)is caused by a dominant gene.

Question 28

Klinefelter's syndrome has a lower incidence than Turner's syndrome.

Question 29

The effects of a teratogen are the same irrespective of the developmental stage during which it is present.

Question 30

Describe how twin studies provide important information in our understanding of the influence of nature versus nurture on heritability of characteristics such as personality.

Question 31

If aspects of behaviour (e.g.personality,I.Q)are heritable,monozygotic twins would be more similar than same-sex dizygotic twins on such behaviours.

Question 32

When studying foetal learning,a consistent heart rate indicates cognitive processing.

Question 33

Meiosis involves normal body cells whereas mitosis involves germ cells.

Question 34

Mum has brown eyes (Bb)and dad has green eyes (bb).Therefore,their first child has a 25% chance of having brown eyes.

Question 35

Monozygotic twins have an identical genotype.

Question 36

The phenotype expressed is the result of the gene locus.

Question 37

Characteristics such as intelligence and personality are examples of polygenically determined characteristics.

Question 38

The primary goal of the Human Genome Project was to understand the genetic factors in human disease.

Question 39

Research using monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins shows that IQ and personality are close to 80% genetically inherited.

Question 40

In meiosis,crossing-over increases the genetic variablility even further.

Question 41

Discuss the maternal diseases and disorders that can produce teratogenic effects on the child and outline their possible effects.

Question 42

Pretend you are a researcher interested in foetal learning.Describe what you would do to investigate if infants can remember learning that took place in utero.

Question 43

Discuss possible consequences of drinking alcohol during pregnancy and how it may affect the foetus at each of the three prenatal periods.