Deck 14: Human Rights and Cultural Relativism: Female Circumcision and Child Soldiers

Question 1

Which of the following terms connotes an intention to cause harm?

A) Female genital cutting
B) Female genital mutilation
C) Female circumcision
D) Tahur

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following terms is most commonly used in communities where the practice occurs?

A) Female genital cutting
B) Female genital mutilation
C) Female circumcision
D) Tahur

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which type of female circumcision includes the partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which type of female circumcision includes the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 5

Which type of female circumcision includes the narrowing of the vaginal orifice with a tiny opening for urination and menstruation?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 6

Which type of female circumcision includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 7

Which type of female circumcision is most commonly performed worldwide?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 8

Which type of female circumcision is most commonly performed in Somalia?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

Question 9

At what age range is female circumcision most commonly performed?

A) On infants and toddlers
B) 2 to 4
C) 4 to 6
D) 4 to 12

Question 10

Although female circumcisions are commonly performed by midwives, in which of the following countries do healthcare professionals provide the service?

A) Egypt
B) Sudan
C) Kenya
D) All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT typically used to perform female circumcisions?

A) Surgical tools
B) Sharp stones
C) Razors
D) Pieces of glass

Question 12

Which country is the top nation that practices female circumcision with 98% of its females circumcised?

A) Kenya
B) Somalia
C) Sudan
D) Egypt

Question 13

Which of the following countries is NOT in the top five nations that practice female circumcision?

A) Guinea
B) Djibouti
C) Sudan
D) Egypt

Question 14

Which of the following has been established as a 'harmful traditional practice'?

A) Domestic violence
B) Rape in wartime
C) Female circumcision
D) All of the above

Question 15

In what year was female circumcision recognized by the U.S. Board of Immigration Appeals as "persecution"?

A) 1951
B) 1975
C) 1996
D) 2005

Question 16

The United States passed the Female Genital Mutilation Act of 1996 to criminalize female circumcision by:

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 5 years
D) 10 years

Question 17

In which U.S. state is female circumcision punishable by up to 30 years imprisonment?

A) Oklahoma
B) Alabama
C) Missouri
D) Florida

Question 18

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the fundamental change in gender relations in Deir El Barsha, a Christian village in Egypt?

A) Development efforts
B) The passage of treaties committed to eradicating female circumcision
C) Effects of temporary migration of males elsewhere for employment
D) Influence of religious leaders

Question 19

Which country has seen the most dramatic reduction in female circumcision by 43%?

A) Sudan
B) Somalia
C) Central African Republic
D) Mali

Question 20

According to the text, which of the following countries has NOT been largely affected by the atrocities of child soldiering?

A) Brazil
B) Colombia
C) Liberia
D) Mozambique

Question 21

Which of the following was passed in 1997 and provided a broad definition of child soldiering that acknowledged the diversity of roles that boys and girls play in armed conflicts?

A) Paris Principles
B) Cape Town Principles
C) African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child
D) Report on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children

Question 22

Which of the following was passed in 2007 and provided detailed guidelines for implementing programs for the reintegration of child soldiers?

A) Paris Principles
B) Cape Town Principles
C) African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child
D) Report on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children

Question 23

Which of the following was passed in 1996 and became the template for all human rights reporting on child soldiers?

A) Paris Principles
B) Cape Town Principles
C) African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child
D) Report on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children

Question 24

Which of the following was passed in 1990 and provided no distinction between voluntary and forcible recruitment?

A) Paris Principles
B) Cape Town Principles
C) African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child
D) Report on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the five psychological processes that enables a child to kill initially and then repeatedly?

A) The will to survive
B) The desire to exact revenge for lost loved ones
C) Obedience
D) Normalizing violence by continual exposure

Question 26

All of the following countries have an age of criminal responsibility of seven, except for:

A) Nigeria
B) Switzerland
C) South Africa
D) Brazil

Question 27

All of the following countries have an age of criminal responsibility of eighteen, except for:

A) South Africa
B) Belgium
C) The United States
D) Peru

Question 28

What is the primary objective of the Special Court for Sierra Leone?

A) Reintegrating former child soldiers into their communities
B) Providing support services that ease suffering for victims
C) Holding former child soldiers accountable for war crimes committed
D) Passing resolutions that will prevent child soldiering in the future

Question 29

Which of the following is true in regards to the reintegration and restoration of child soldiers?

A) Many suffer from post-traumatic stress for months or years
B) They are not easily accepted back into their home communities since they are still seen as a threat
C) Communities are also seen as disturbed and need cleansing rituals
D) All of the above

Question 30

Which country is featured in the text as context for child soldiering?

A) Sudan
B) Sierra Leone
C) Somalia
D) Mali

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT true in regards to 'new wars'?

A) They are fought for the acquisition of territory
B) They are conflicts to gain control of natural resources
C) They feature guerrilla warfare and the targeting of those with a different identity
D) They typically occur within the borders of one State

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a motivating factor in girls and women joining armed conflict?

A) Desiring to change society
B) Improving the condition of the poor
C) Saving other women and girls trapped in conflict movements
D) Having relatives in the movement

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT true in regards to cultural relativism?

A) It is Euro-centric and Western
B) Every society possesses its own moral code that explains what acts are permitted and prohibited
C) It is not possible to judge one moral code as superior to another
D) There is no objective standard from which to base judgments

Question 34

What does the Arabic word tahur mean?

A) Devotion
B) Purification
C) Loyalty
D) Transition

Question 35

What is considered to be the primary historical origin of female circumcision?

A) Used by nomadic Arabic shepherd girls to ward off likely male attacks while unescorted
B) An Egyptian pharaoh with a small penis demanded a woman to undergo FC for his pleasure
C) Pharaohs believed in the bisexuality of the gods, and that the woman's soul is in the clitoris
D) A physical symbolization of the transition from girlhood to womanhood in ancient Egypt

Question 36

Nearly all Islamic scholars agree that Islam does not require female circumcision to be performed.

Question 37

The Quran makes specific references to the proper conduct of female circumcision.

Question 38

In some post-colonial States, female circumcision is viewed as a symbol of ethnic pride pitted against colonial domination.

Question 39

Female circumcision can be an important marker of privileged ethnic group status.

Question 40

Female circumcision is always performed by minimally skilled midwives in unhygienic conditions.

Question 41

Child soldiers are oftentimes abducted from refugee or internally displaced persons camps.

Question 42

Tactical agency is a child utilizing his or her agency as a necessity to survive.

Question 43

The image of child soldiers as bloodthirsty killers is a myth.

Question 44

Countries are reluctant to prosecute child soldiers, but they are willing to refuse to admit child soldiers from seeking refugee status.

Question 45

Feminists claim a notion of "false consciousness" in women making decisions regarding female circumcision for their daughters.

Question 46

Give three examples of specific Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programs utilized to ease the transition of former child soldiers back into their home communities.

Question 47

Give a brief explanation of the four types of female circumcision in accordance with the World Health Organization.

Question 48

What are some of the societal factors in many African States that contribute to the high levels of marginalized youths voluntarily being recruited into armed conflict movements?