Deck 8: Personality development

Question 1

Which of the following theorists is not associated with the psychoanalytic approach to personality?

A) Watson
B) Erikson
C) Freud
D) Marcia

Answer 1

Watson

Question 2

Self-efficacy and the environment interact to produce outcomes.As an example,if a low self-efficacy employee works in a responsive environment,what is the likely outcome?

A) promotion
B) resignation
C) an increased effort to improve the work environment
D) underperformance

Answer 2

an increased effort to improve the work environment

Question 3

According to Erikson,identity is:

A) an individually constructed sense of who one is
B) an individually constructed sense of who one has been and who one can realistically be in the future
C) a socially constructed sense of who one is in relation to others
D) both A and B are correct

Answer 3

both A and B are correct

Question 4

According to Erikson,the epigenetic principle is:

A) a principle of personality development
B) based on the premise that one stage emerges and builds on another without replacing the previous one
C) based on the premise that one stage emerges and builds on another while replacing the previous one
D) both A and B are correct

Question 5

According to Erikson,what emerges as a result of the psychosocial conflict that typifies each stage of development?

A) identity confusion
B) basic strengths
C) dystonic elements
D) syntonic elements

Question 6

According to Skinner:

A) mental events are never causal in producing behaviour
B) all behaviour is caused by environmental stimuli
C) individuals differ in their consistent behaviour because they have been exposed to different learning histories
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 7

Freud's psychosexual approach to personality development was centred on:

A) an erotogenic zone
B) sexuality relating to genitals and intercourse
C) sexuality relating to affection and physical pleasure
D) both A and C are correct

Question 8

The extent to which a person's essence,character and behaviour change over the lifespan can be labelled:

A) personality
B) personality development
C) personality theory
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 9

The triadic reciprocal determinism proposes:

A) that the individual's behaviour, cognitions and affective systems interact to affect one another
B) that the environment, the individual's familial culture, and the affective systems that constitute the person interact to affect one another
C) that the physical and social environment, the individual's behaviour, and the affective and cognitive systems that constitute the person interact to affect one another
D) that the physical and social systems of the individual, the individual's behaviour, and the affective and cognitive systems that constitute the person interact to affect one another

Question 10

According to the behavioural parent training (BPT)program,which of the following would be used by parents to extinguish poor behaviours?

A) ignoring the child
B) time-out
C) spanking the child
D) both A and B are correct

Question 11

According to Marcia's identity formation framework,'moratorium' refers to individuals who: 12)______

A) have committed themselves to self-chosen values and goals
B) do not yet have firm commitments and are not actively trying to reach them
C) are exploring alternatives and have not yet made definite commitments
D) have accepted ready-made values and goals that authority figures have chosen for them

Question 12

According to Erikson,the key conflict in adolescent personality development is:

A) independence vs confusion
B) intimacy vs isolation
C) industry vs inferiority
D) identity vs confusion

Question 13

Which research design/method would be the best way to test Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

A) cross-sectional design
B) interview methods
C) cross-sequential design
D) longitudinal design

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the four modes of adolescent identity status proposed by Marcia?

A) identity foreclosure
B) identity diffusion
C) identity confusion
D) identity achievement

Question 15

Why do some researchers believe that Marcia's paradigm is not an accurate conceptualisation of Erikson's epigenetic framework?

A) because it does not describe the evolving nature of identity in childhood
B) because it does not describe the evolving nature of identity in adulthood
C) because the stages are not continuous and do not continue to build upon the previous stage
D) none of these answers is correct because Marcia's paradigm is an accurate conceptualisation of Erikson's epigenetic framework

Question 16

Freud's interpretation of an adult with an anal retentive character would most likely be that it was due to:

A) poor maternal attachment
B) parent modelling and interaction
C) stress and trauma during the oral stage of development
D) fixation at the anal stage of development

Question 17

According to Erikson,an ideal final stage of personality development is what?

A) acceptance
B) integrity
C) care
D) wisdom

Question 18

Which theorist was the first to recognise that personality develops across the lifespan?

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Marcia
D) Eysenck

Question 19

The most accurate definition of 'personality' is:

A) the thought and behaviour of an individual that is most representative of the person
B) the essence of human condition
C) what is most typical and deeply characteristic of the person
D) there is no single agreed upon definition

Question 20

According to Bandura,what is the core of personality and development?

A) self-efficacy
B) family-system
C) self-system
D) none of these answers is correct

Question 21

An individual who is high on neuroticism and low on agreeableness would be described by McCrae and Costa as being:

A) temperamental and lazy
B) temperamental and conservative
C) worrying and suspicious
D) worrying and acquiescent

Question 22

A distinction between Erikson's and Freud's theories of personality development is that Erikson's is psychosocial in nature and Freud's is a psychosexual theory.

Question 23

Eysenck named three main personality types: extroversion,neuroticism and conscientious.

Question 24

Freud tested his theory of psychosexual stages of personality development.

Question 25

Which model/theory integrates social cognitive and trait approaches to personality development?

A) social investment theory
B) sociogenomic model
C) sociobiological model
D) social cognitive theory

Question 26

Erikson developed the first stage theory of personality that extended across the lifespan.

Question 27

Observational learning and modelling are key to personal change according to Bandura.

Question 28

Which approach is generally associated with Eysenck (1994),and McCrae & Costa (2003)?

A) biological trait approach
B) psychoanalytic approach
C) humanist approach
D) behaviourist approach

Question 29

Research fails to support Bandura's notion that personality development must be included in the social context.

Question 30

Freud argued that by the age of five years,all the basic structures of personality were fully developed.

Question 31

Eysenck would describe an individual who presents as aggressive,cold and impulsive as being:

A) neurotic
B) psychotic
C) narcissistic
D) extroverted

Question 32

Research shows that men high on neuroticism have a high mortality risk.

Question 33

Two key behaviourists are Watson and Skinner.

Question 34

Behaviourists tend to avoid hypothetical constructs and therefore did not utilise the term 'personality'.

Question 35

Which theorists are the main supporters of the idea that personality development is stable during adulthood?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) McCrae and Costa
D) Skinner

Question 36

According to Erikson's theory,if children emerge without sufficient trust in adults,they are likely to have adjustment problems later in life.

Question 37

Freud and Erikson both highlight the importance of childhood experiences as being influential on adult personality.

Question 38

According to McCrae and Costa,individuals who are high on agreeableness are trusting.

Question 39

With the appropriate reinforcement contingencies,behaviourists propose that humans are trainable and therefore any behaviour can be changed.

Question 40

There is a definition of personality that most theorists agree on.

Question 41

Freud viewed childhood as the focal developmental stage for personality development whereas behaviourists view adulthood as the focal developmental stage for personality development.

Question 42

There is a bi-directional relationship between an infant and mother on personality influence.

Question 43

The sociogenomic model suggests that changes in states can lead to neuroanatomical changes.

Question 44

Identity formation is described by Erikson as the 'primary challenge of adolescence'.What are the key influences on adolescent identity formation? Identify another significant challenge that influences adolescent development today.

Question 45

Cross-sectional studies of personality development are an accurate way to identify differences between age groups.

Question 46

The sociogenomic model highlights how traits cause changes in states.

Question 47

McCrae asserts that the Five Factor Model (FFM)varies across cultures.

Question 48

The integrated cultural trait psychology model attempts to integrate biological and trait models.

Question 49

Compare and contrast the stage theories of personality development proposed by Erikson and Freud.Identify and explain at least three similarities and three differences.

Question 50

Discuss the research evidence to support the notion that particular personality types have an influence on an individual's experience of health.

Question 51

Based on the behaviourist approach,identify and explain three ways you would discipline your child.

Question 52

To what extent can personality change across the lifespan? Use evidence from empirical studies and theoretical approaches to substantiate your response.