Deck 9: Social development

Question 1

Which theorist(s)proposed that attachment behaviours observed in infants could be used as a paradigm for understanding attachment in adult romantic relationships?

A) Ainsworth
B) Hazan and Shaver
C) Feeney and Noller
D) Bowlby

Answer 1

Hazan and Shaver

Question 2

Research shows support for the social information processing theory.However,one limitation in the methodology is the:

A) need for a longitudinal design
B) overreliance on standardised questionnaires
C) use of structured interviews
D) length of time to test one child

Answer 2

overreliance on standardised questionnaires

Question 3

Grusec and Lytton described types of children's play.Which of the following was not outlined in their model?

A) constructive play
B) games with rules
C) parallel play
D) functional play

Answer 3

parallel play

Question 4

What period marked the beginning of systematic interest in child social development?

A) Emanate period
B) Middle period
C) Emergent period
D) Modern period

Question 5

Which theorist(s)prescribe to a cognitive approach to social development?

A) Bandura
B) Crick & Dodge
C) Erikson
D) both A and B are correct

Question 6

Bandura's model of gender-identity development includes which of the following?

A) motivational factors
B) self-regulatory factors
C) environmental factors
D) both A and C are correct

Question 7

Which of the following is not included in the criterion that must be met in order for an infant to be considered attached?

A) infant's preference for the proximity of the specific other(s) is stable over time
B) infant displays responses that bring him closer to others
C) infant attends to the emotional responses of the specific other(s)
D) infant directs proximity-seeking behaviours with greater intensity toward specific others

Question 8

According to previous research,which of the following is not one of the positive developmental outcomes of play?

A) play provides children with an opportunity to develop their identity and self-concept
B) play teaches children to problem solve
C) play provides children with opportunities to develop social skills
D) play sharpens children's social knowledge

Question 9

Piaget's theory on play emphasised too much of how children reacted to objects and not enough on:

A) how people reacted to children
B) how children reacted to people
C) what types of objects they were focused on
D) none of these answers are correct

Question 10

A person's ability to achieve personal goals while maintaining positive social relationships,rather than the simplistic notion of popularity or peer acceptance,is called:

A) social development
B) social competence
C) prosocial development
D) socialisation

Question 11

According to the textbook,attachment is:

A) both a biological and social characteristic of human nature
B) an innate human characteristic
C) a culturally prescribed notion
D) an environmentally prescribed notion

Question 12

What stage would Bowlby classify an individual who demonstrates separation anxiety when their parent leaves?

A) goal-corrected partnership
B) pre-attachment
C) clear-cut attachment
D) attachment-in-the-making

Question 13

What theory proposes that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.

A) Cultural gender theory
B) Gender schema theory
C) Gender consistency theory
D) Identity schema theory

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem development?

A) some show state-like self-esteem whereas others show trait-like self-esteem
B) in late adulthood, high self-esteem functions as a buffer against emotional consequences of stress
C) social processes contribute the stability of one's self-esteem
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 15

Which of the following is not an example of a disciplinary experience described by Bandura?

A) rewarding
B) ignoring
C) punishing
D) instructing

Question 16

When a child uses an object to represent something it is not,it is called:

A) pretend play
B) symbolic play
C) creative play
D) both A and B are correct

Question 17

An infant is distressed by his separation from his mother; he approaches her with anger upon her return.What attachment pattern is shown in this example?

A) resistant attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) disorganised/disoriented attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 18

Infants with a resistant attachment style are likely to:

A) deny their own attachment needs as adults
B) be jealous and preoccupied with emotional closeness as adults
C) try to avoid emotional dependence as adults
D) both A and B are correct

Question 19

Which theorist(s)developed the 'strange situation procedure' to observe infants' patterns of attachment to their caregivers?

A) Blehar and Waters
B) Ainsworth
C) Bowlby
D) Hazan and Shaver

Question 20

Social penetration is the process that underlies relationships and is comprised of two aspects:

A) acquaintance and intimacy
B) breadth and depth
C) trust and respect
D) external behaviour and internal feelings

Question 21

Peer acceptance is a good predictor of adjustment problems in adolescence and adulthood.

Question 22

What parenting styles often results in children who are unable to control their aggressive tendencies?

A) indulgent
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) authoritarian

Question 23

Two functions of social development are socialisation and prosocial behaviours.

Question 24

Bowlby's (1980)ethological theory of attachment is the oldest but is not the most accepted view of attachment development.

Question 25

According to research,at what age do children show an awareness of racial cues?

A) 8-10 years old
B) 5-6 years old
C) 3-4 years old
D) 1-2 years old

Question 26

Around five years old,children begin to understand that gender is flexible; that either sex can do almost anything.

Question 27

Research supports the popular saying that 'opposites attract'.

Question 28

Attachment is qualitatively different for different individuals.

Question 29

When a person has high self-esteem they evaluate themselves positively in domains where they have previously excelled.

Question 30

Research on social interaction during play has been found to contribute to the improvement in social skills,problem solving and intelligence.

Question 31

Stereotypes can be both positive and negative.

Question 32

Around adolescence,children begin to care about what happens to a friend.

Question 33

According to Feeney & Noller (1992),resistant adults in romantic relationships are the most upset and more surprised than individuals with an avoidant attachment at the break-up of a relationship.

Question 34

Ostracism involves an individual being socially isolated and excluded from social interaction.

Question 35

Socialisation is believed to begin in infancy.

Question 36

Cooperative play involves children sharing ideas and material in pursuit of a common goal.

Question 37

Bandura emphasised the fact that social development is strongly influenced by direct disciplinary experiences.

Question 38

High self-esteem has been found to enhance one's adaptive social development across the lifespan.

Question 39

A five-year-old would likely be engaging in functional play.

Question 40

At the age of 10 years,there is a developmental decline in racial and ethnic bias.

Question 41

Parenting styles or the relative influence of families and peers on children's social development may differ across cultures,but the family processes by which socialisation agents achieve their influence are similar.

Question 42

Describe the four parenting styles and their respective social developmental outcomes for children.How can parents support positive social development in their children?

Question 43

Describe Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure.Then choose one attachment style and explain what an infant with that attachment style would look like during the procedure.

Question 44

If an individual has high-self esteem,what are the possible benefits of this attribute across the lifespan? What evidence-based interventions have been developed to promote high self-esteem in individuals?

Question 45

Discuss the genetic versus social influences in gender-identity development.

Question 46

Outline how preferred play style differs in boys and girls across childhood,and discuss how this influences gender identity development.

Question 47

Define bullying behaviour.Discuss the research evidence for the long-term consequences of bullying for both the victim and the perpetrator.