Deck 8: Feminist and Critical Criminologies

Question 1

Feminism refers to a belief that women are

A) discriminated against and that should be changed.
B) superior to men.
C) subject to other women's control of them.
D) most effective when they are being feminine.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a core element of feminist thought?

A) Gender is not a natural fact, but a complex social, historical, and cultural product.
B) Gender is a biologically determined reality in all cultures.
C) Gender relations order social life and social institutions in fundamental ways.
D) Systems of knowledge reflect men's views of the natural and social world and the production of knowledge is gendered.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

From a liberal feminist approach, gender role socialization indicates that men are to be aggressive and dominant, and women are to be

A) equally aggressive and dominant.
B) passive and subservient.
C) aggressive and subservient.
D) passive and dominant.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Marxist feminist criminologists see violence against women as an expression of male dominance, exacerbated by

A) racial inequality.
B) class inequality.
C) gender inequality.
D) private property production.

Question 5

According to radical feminist perspectives

A) women were, historically, the first oppressed group.
B) women's oppression is the most widespread, existing in all societies.
C) women's oppression is the deepest and hardest form of oppression to eradicate.
D) all of the above.

Question 6

According to Brownmiller's perspective, men are __________ and women are __________.

A) natural predators, natural prey
B) biologically atavistic, biologically advanced
C) psychologically superior, psychologically inferior
D) intellectually inferior, intellectually superior

Question 7

The socialist feminist approach indicates that capitalism and patriarchy

A) are in conflict with each other.
B) coexist and work together to maintain class and gender power relations.
C) struggle to overtake each other.
D) coexist and work together to release the oppressed from their grasp.

Question 8

Overall, socialist feminists argue that crime is related to the opportunities that gender and class positions allow, and they attempt a simultaneous explanation of

A) gender and class patterns of crime.
B) conventional crime and street crime.
C) violence by women and violence against women.
D) none of the above.

Question 9

Contemporary feminist criminology develops research that focuses on the everyday lived realities of

A) women's lives.
B) both women's and men's lives.
C) men's lives.
D) victim's lives.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a critique of feminist criminology?

A) Feminist criminology does not study men and boys.
B) Some feminist criminology reduces all inequality to gender inequality.
C) Feminist criminology does not explore links between gender inequality and the economy.
D) Although feminist criminology explores women's crime, it does not address the criminal activities of girls.

Question 11

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about female gang activity?

A) Girls and women are not allowed to join male gangs.
B) Some female gang members reject femininity.
C) Female gang members are more likely than male gang members to have been physically and/or sexually victimized.
D) Some female gang members identify with males and masculinity.

Question 12

Which of the following is an important insight about criminal masculinity?

A) Public male violence is generally not supported by other men as a means of settling disputes.
B) "Street" men perform different types of masculinities depending on social context.
C) Because gender is not biological, girls and women can exhibit masculinity.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 13

Which criminological theory redefines crime as "the power to create harm (pain) in any context" and attempts to uncover the ideology and dogma in public crime discourse?

A) feminist criminology
B) cultural criminology
C) constitutive criminology
D) green criminology

Question 14

Which criminological theory has analyzed acts such as base-jumping and anti-abortion violence as attempts to escape drudgery and boredom?

A) feminist criminology
B) cultural criminology
C) constitutive criminology
D) green criminology

Question 15

Which criminological theory addresses human exploitation of and cruelty toward animals?

A) feminist criminology
B) cultural criminology
C) constitutive criminology
D) green criminology

Question 16

Critical criminological perspectives have developed from which of the following prior perspectives?

A) radical
B) feminist
C) conflict
D) all of the above

Question 17

Critical criminologists share the perspective that __________ are the root causes of crime.

A) poverty, sexism, and racism
B) poverty, social disorganization, and anomie
C) poor social bonding and low self-control
D) power-control imbalances and poverty

Question 18

Peacemaking criminology is a mixture of

A) diplomacy and force.
B) feminism and authoritarianism.
C) humanism, feminism, and nonviolence.
D) diplomacy and negotiation.

Question 19

The key policies of peacemaking criminology would be

A) responsiveness and reconciliation.
B) conflict resolution, harmony, and community.
C) litigation and legal victories.
D) both a and b.

Question 20

According to peacemaking criminology, negative peace is that which

A) establishes order through the use of force and diplomatic negotiation.
B) establishes order through the use of force or the threat of force.
C) exists when sources of crime, such as poverty, inequality, racism, and alienation have been eliminated.
D) exists when sources of crime, such as poverty, equality, and racial harmony have been established.

Question 21

According to peacemaking criminology, positive peace is that which

A) establishes order through the use of force and diplomatic negotiation.
B) establishes order through the use of force or the threat of force.
C) exists when sources of crime, such as poverty, inequality, racism, and alienation have been eliminated.
D) exists when sources of crime, such as poverty, equality, and racial harmony have been established.

Question 22

Constitutive criminology challenges the __________ in "modernist" criminology.

A) status quo
B) ideological domination
C) godlessness of the modern age
D) causation and rationality

Question 23

Which theory attempts to humanize the institutions of criminal justice?

A) constitutive criminology
B) postmodern theory
C) constitutive criminology
D) peacemaking criminology

Question 24

Which of the following theorists is associated with peacemaking criminology?

A) Chesney-Lind
B) Messerschmidt
C) Quinney
D) Marx

Question 25

Which of the following is most likely to argue that the criminal justice system is a source of violence?

A) feminist criminology
B) constitutive criminology
C) peacemaking criminology
D) green criminology

Question 26

Liberal feminist criminologists argue that women's increased involvement in crime results from

A) the cumulative effects of generations of male domination.
B) women's increased educational opportunities.
C) women's increased participation in the paid labor force.
D) male violence against women.

Question 27

Which of the following links gender inequality to increased female criminality?

A) opportunity theory
B) the progression thesis
C) the emancipation hypothesis
D) female masculinization

Question 28

Illegal seizure of indigenous land is a concern of which theory?

A) feminist criminology
B) constitutive criminology
C) peacemaking criminology
D) green criminology

Question 29

According to green criminologists, animal abuse that occurs in __________ is far more serious than that which occurs in __________.

A) families, corporations
B) public contexts, private locations
C) institutional contexts, families
D) developing nations, overdeveloped nations

Question 30

Practices and ideologies that promote the exploitation of animals for the satisfaction of human needs are called

A) Darwinism.
B) humanism.
C) specieism.
D) consumerism.

Question 31

Which of the following has charged the U.S. government with human rights violations due to its failure to curb carbon emissions and greenhouse gases?

A) Brazil
B) Inuit Eskimos
C) African Americans
D) Cuba

Question 32

Mediation, reconciliation, and conflict resolution are responses to crime urged by

A) conflict theory.
B) green criminology.
C) feminist criminology.
D) peacemaking criminology.

Question 33

Which theory points to restorative justice and constructive shaming as responses to crime?

A) conflict theory
B) critical humanism
C) feminist criminology
D) green criminology

Question 34

Which of the following is an aspect of social justice?

A) an end to poverty
B) an end to racism
C) an end to sexism
D) all of the above

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT part of Fuller's Peacemaking Pyramid Paradigm?

A) nonviolence
B) social justice
C) elimination of racial profiling
D) elimination of homophobia

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT considered a critical humanist criminology?

A) peacemaking criminology
B) feminist criminology
C) convict criminology
D) anarchist criminology

Question 37

How many tons of oil has spilled worldwide since the Exxon Valdez debacle?

A) Less than 100,000.
B) 1 billion.
C) At least 1.1 million.
D) More than 3 million.

Question 38

When did the Exxon Valdez run aground?

A) 1977
B) 1989
C) 1993
D) 1999

Question 39

Where was the first U.S. supermax prison located?

A) Jackson, Mississippi
B) Upstate New York
C) At the former Alcatraz prison site
D) Marion, Illinois

Question 40

What is "vertigo" according to Jock Young?

A) The malaise of late modernity.
B) Confusion generated by rapid upward mobility.
C) Frustration and fear resulting from the 2008 crisis in the system of global capital.
D) The feeling one gets when base-jumping.

Question 41

When was the first phase of feminist criminology?

A) 1950s-1960s
B) Late 1960s-mid-1980s
C) 1970s
D) Late 1980s-early 1990s

Question 42

Which of the following is a type of animal abuse?

A) Actions that cause physical harm.
B) Actions that cause animals to suffer emotionally.
C) Psychological manipulation of animals.
D) All of the above.

Question 43

Which form of animal abuse causes animals' the most suffering?

A) One-on-one abuse of pets in families.
B) Rape and sexual assault of animals.
C) Animal abuse that coexists with child abuse.
D) Systematic and socially acceptable abuse such as slaughterhouses.

Question 44

Agnew's Toward a Unified Criminology attempts to address tensions between

A) critical and mainstream criminology.
B) peacemaking and feminist criminology.
C) feminist and cultural criminology.
D) convict and green criminology.

Question 45

Feminist criminologists believe that male dominance results in greater protection and security for women throughout the world.

Question 46

Socialist feminist criminologists believe that capitalism and patriarchy interact in specific ways, generating patterns of criminal behavior based on gender and class.

Question 47

Critical criminologists view the causes of crime as poverty, inequality, racism, sexism, and alienation.

Question 48

The best predictor of crime is poverty.

Question 49

Feminist criminology explores the impact of masculinities and femininities on the everyday lived realities of crime for men, women, boys, and girls.

Question 50

The new theories in feminism and criminology show that there are no longer gender differences in crime.

Question 51

According to feminist theories, the major cause of low self-control is ineffective childrearing.

Question 52

The first phase of feminist criminology theorized women and girls as "effects of discourse."

Question 53

According to feminists, male violence against women helps maintain gender inequality.

Question 54

Male feminist criminologists have documented that female feminists have greatly overstated the amount of male violence against women.

Question 55

According to cultural criminology, violence can have multiple and conflicting meanings.

Question 56

Modernity and globalization are related to the sense of vertigo.

Question 57

In their critique of criminology, cultural criminologists call for a return to rigorous quantitative research.

Question 58

Convict criminology draws attention to the centrality of language in constructing our sense of the "crime problem."

Question 59

Socialist feminists point to gender socialization "poisoned" by capitalism as a source of women's increased criminality.

Question 60

Animal abuse only refers to physical harm and suffering.

Question 61

Former prisoners who have become sociologists and criminologists are the driving force behind convict criminology.

Question 62

Slaughterhouses are a systematic yet socially acceptable form of animal abuse.

Question 63

Write a short essay that explains what "feminist" means in the broad sense. In the course of your answer name and briefly explain three of the five core feminist foundational beliefs.

Question 64

Explain the major differences among liberal, radical, and Marxist feminism.

Question 65

Many different forms of criminology are classified together as "critical" criminologies. What is the common theme that unites the critical criminologies despite their differences? How does the core concern of critical criminology take form in the various critical approaches?