Deck 11: Model development

Question 1

Bandura proposed:

A) that changes in morality were continuous
B) that only behaviour and cognitions interact to influence moral development
C) a child is more likely to conform to imitate a respected model's actions rather than conform to their spoken standards
D) both A and C are correct

Answer 1

both A and C are correct

Question 2

Longitudinal studies that have investigated the stages for moral development show that:

A) the final stage of moral judgments does not appear until 20 years of age
B) many people move through the stages but often regress back to previous stages
C) the correlation between age and stage of moral maturity was non-linear
D) almost all people move through the stages in a predicted order, without skipping stages

Answer 2

almost all people move through the stages in a predicted order, without skipping stages

Question 3

Which of the following was not proposed by Henry (1983)?

A) authority figures can guide an individual's moral thinking
B) it is the form of moral reasoning that differentiates Kohlberg's stages
C) Kohlberg's lowest level of moral judgment is not associated with a source of authority
D) there are five sources of moral authority

Answer 3

it is the form of moral reasoning that differentiates Kohlberg's stages

Question 4

What is the specific term given to behaviour that is intrinsically motivated,voluntary and intended to benefit another?

A) moral behaviour
B) altruistic behaviour
C) empathetic behaviour
D) prosocial behaviour

Question 5

Some researchers argue that ________ plays a mediating role and ________ plays a motivating role in moral development.

A) religion, emotion
B) cognition, empathy
C) cognition, emotion
D) emotion, religion

Question 6

In the popular example of the story about the broken cups,a child who states that the child who accidently broke 15 cups is naughtier than the child who broke one cup while sneaking jam out of the cupboard is in which phase according to Piaget?

A) heteronomous morality
B) autonomous morality
C) conventional morality
D) homonomous morality

Question 7

Which of the following types of models have been moved away from in recent moral development research?

A) cognitive models
B) global stage models
C) both A and B are correct
D) neither A nor B is correct

Question 8

Freud's approach to moral development is focused mostly on the development of:

A) awareness
B) reason
C) conscience
D) internalisation

Question 9

Which theorist is associated with the 'triadic reciprocal determinism' model?

A) Henry
B) Colby
C) Kohlberg
D) Bandura

Question 10

Children evaluate social and moral dilemmas using multiple forms of reasoning simultaneously.What are these forms of reasoning?

A) social conventional reasons: concerns with social traditions, behaviours and norms
B) moral reasons: concerns with justice, welfare and rights
C) personal reasons: concerns with their own and others psychological systems
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 11

A person often behaves in a certain moral way because a source of moral authority often requires it.Henry (1983)identifies five sources of moral authority,each representing one of Kohlberg's stages.Which of the following is not accurately paired?

A) self-interest; stage 2: instrumental
B) family; stage 3: interpersonal
C) society's welfare; stage 6: universal ethical principle
D) educators; stage 4: social system

Question 12

Which of the following is not considered a situational factor that influences moral behaviour?19)______

A) the likelihood of getting caught
B) the individual's attitude towards cooperation
C) the severity of the penalty
D) whether or not the means justified the end

Question 13

What term describes the emotional reaction that results from the comprehension of another's emotional state?

A) altruism
B) sympathy
C) emotional comprehension
D) empathy

Question 14

Which of the following is true of Kohlberg's stages of moral judgment development?

A) all individuals reach the stage of holding universal ethical principles
B) at the most basic level, an individual believes that the 'right' action is to follow rules and avoid punishment
C) Kohlberg's theory preceded that of Piaget
D) both B and C are true

Question 15

Parental socialisation of adolescent moral values has been found to vary according to:

A) the strength of family cohesion and communication
B) each parent's moral view
C) the content of moral thought being transmitted
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true about moral development?

A) Moral judgment is contextually relative.
B) Moral maturity is universally defined.
C) Social stimulation is not related to moral development.
D) Moral maturity tends to develop sooner in females than males.

Question 17

Which of the following is false regarding prosocial behaviour?

A) younger children tend to behave more prosocially than older children
B) preschooler's naturally occurring sharing behaviour has been found to predict prosocial behaviour in primary school
C) prosocial behaviour is moderately consistent across time and contexts
D) girls generally exhibit more prosocial behaviour than boys

Question 18

Any changes in observed judgments,behaviour and emotions regarding standards of right and wrong across the lifespan can be defined as:

A) moral development
B) emotional development
C) conscience development
D) any of these answers are correct

Question 19

The ________ of moral judgment refers to what or who the person thinks about in a moral dilemma,whereas the ________ of moral judgement refers to how sophisticated a person's thinking is.

A) content, maturity
B) focus, maturity
C) content, form
D) form, content

Question 20

Which of the following is a criticism of Standard Issue Scoring (SIS)method developed by Colby and Kohlberg (1987)?

A) it is difficult to assign a particular stage of moral reasoning as the criteria is unclear
B) post-conventional reasoning is a poor predictor of moral behaviour
C) the hypothetical dilemmas presented are divorced from the social realities of how people judge moral dilemmas in real life
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 21

Kohlberg proposed that as an individual matures cognitively,their judgment of moral behaviour becomes more influenced by external authorities.

Question 22

Gilligan proposes that women are often placed at a developmentally higher stage than men due to their orientation towards others.

Question 23

Neo-Kohlbergians argue that a morally mature person will always invoke their highest stage or most sophisticated form of reasoning in order to resolve a dilemma.

Question 24

People who do not identify with a religious group are less likely to reach a higher stage of moral reasoning than those who belong to a religious group.

Question 25

Family socialisation processes have a strong relationship with adolescent moral thought.

Question 26

Bandura argues that moral development does not accumulate with age; new moral standards are adopted as the person develops.

Question 27

Compare and contrast the models of moral judgement proposed by Kohlberg and Bandura.What key similarities and differences are apparent?

Question 28

Moral emotions are the cause of moral behaviour.

Question 29

Whereas interfering interactions with parents were associated with minimal development,interfering interactions among peers was consistently associated with more rapid rates of moral development.

Question 30

When measuring moral judgments,even small changes in the way moral dilemmas are presented can affect a person's response.

Question 31

When a researcher wishes to investigate the moral arguments that people spontaneously produce,then the use of the Standard Issue Scoring (SIS)method is recommended.

Question 32

Research has generally shown a clear relationship between moral judgment and behaviour.

Question 33

According to research,is Kohlberg's concept of moral reasoning applicable to all cultures? Critically review the literature and discuss.

Question 34

In their longitudinal study,Colby and colleagues found that stage five moral judgments did not appear until after 20 years of age.

Question 35

There has been a resurgence in moral development theory and research in the past two decades.

Question 36

Because Piaget's approach emphasises children actively constructing and organising their knowledge about morality,it is referred to as the 'constructivist perspective'.

Question 37

The Defining Issues Test (DIT)is a useful tool for measuring individuals in moral stages 2 to 4.

Question 38

It is possible for the same individual to express different types of moral judgments depending on whether the individual is asked to judge real-life or hypothetical moral dilemmas.

Question 39

Moral judgments at early adolescent years do not seem to be correlated with moral judgments in adulthood.

Question 40

Research shows that shame rather than guilt is more effective in motivating people to choose their moral paths in life.

Question 41

How does parental style influence children's moral development?

Question 42

Discuss the relations among moral emotions,behaviour and judgment.Are they related? If so,which components are related? If not,what does the research say may be the reason for the lack of correlation?

Question 43

What role does the development of emotion play in moral development?