Deck 1: A Brief History of Microbiology

Question 1

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by

A) aerobes.
B) facultative anaerobes.
C) obligate parasites.
D) archaea.
E) prokaryotes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following are prokaryotes?

A) algae
B) molds
C) protozoa
D) archaea
E) worms

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following areas of investigation is considered a major driver of modern microbiology?

A) microbial classification
B) industrial microbiology
C) the etiology of infectious disease
D) genetics
E) food preparation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.

A) archaea
B) bacteria
C) fungi
D) protozoa
E) viruses

Question 5

The technique developed by Hans Christian Gram is important for bacterial

A) etiology.
B) identification.
C) classification.
D) isolation.
E) epidemiology.

Question 6

According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions?

A) They vary widely among living things.
B) There are an unlimited number of them.
C) They all require energy input.
D) Basic biochemical reactions of life primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions.
E) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups.

Question 7

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

A) use a magnifying glass.
B) develop a taxonomic system.
C) view microorganisms and record these observations.
D) disprove spontaneous generation.
E) use the germ theory of disease.

Question 8

Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because

A) they are parasites.
B) diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.
C) the Gram stain can be used to identify them.
D) Leeuwenhoek first discovered them.
E) no one else wants to study them.

Question 9

Which of the following contribute to the successful application of Koch's postulates?

A) the development of the compound microscope
B) the theory of abiogenesis
C) the ability to record the appearance of bacteria photographically
D) the development of simple bacterial staining techniques
E) the development of techniques for sterile transfer of bacteria

Question 10

Work by ________ laid the foundations of immunology with the development of vaccines.

A) Redi and Spallanzani
B) Koch and Pasteur
C) Jenner and Pasteur
D) Lister and Semmelweis
E) Pauling and Woese

Question 11

Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation?

A) Pasteur
B) Needham
C) Redi
D) Buchner
E) Spallanzani

Question 12

Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for

A) industrial microbiology.
B) epidemiology.
C) immunology.
D) abiogenesis.
E) antisepsis.

Question 13

The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) ________ pathogen.

A) bacterial
B) protozoal
C) fungal
D) viral
E) archaeal

Question 14

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?

A) cholera
B) puerperal fever
C) smallpox
D) anthrax
E) syphilis

Question 15

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

A) fungi are eukaryotes.
B) molds are multicellular.
C) fungi have a cell wall.
D) fungi are photosynthetic.
E) yeasts are unicellular.

Question 16

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

A) Nightingale
B) Snow
C) Ehrlich
D) Lister
E) Semmelweis

Question 17

The use of chemical agents to harm or kill microbes is

A) immunology.
B) chemotherapy.
C) epidemiology.
D) serology.
E) biotechnology.

Question 18

The work of ________ lead to improvements in sewage control and other public hygiene measures.

A) John Snow
B) Lazzaro Spallanzani
C) Florence Nightingale
D) Ignaz Semmelweis
E) Joseph Lister

Question 19

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

A) cholera.
B) cancer.
C) anthrax.
D) smallpox.
E) syphilis.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

A) they are visible with a light microscope.
B) they are acellular.
C) they are composed of genetic material and protein.
D) they are typically smaller than prokaryotic cells.
E) they are obligatory parasites.

Question 21

Which of the following types of microbe was NOT observed by Leeuwenhoek?

A) fungus
B) protozoan
C) prokaryote
D) alga
E) virus

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?

A) most exhibit asexual reproduction.
B) they are single-celled organisms.
C) they are eukaryotic organisms.
D) they are all photosynthetic.
E) they frequently possess cilia or flagella.

Question 23

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

A) protozoa; multicellular
B) fungi; cell walls
C) algae; aquatic and marine habitats
D) prokaryotes; no nuclei
E) viruses; acellular parasites

Question 24

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called

A) fungi.
B) pathogens.
C) eukaryotes.
D) prokaryotes.
E) viruses.

Question 25

What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin?

A) yellow fever
B) cholera
C) anthrax
D) malaria
E) tuberculosis

Question 26

Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy?

A) Ehrlich
B) Koch
C) Gram
D) Lister
E) Pasteur

Question 27

What is the CORRECT order for the application of Koch's postulates?
I) Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest.
II) Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory.
III) Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts.
IV) Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject.

A) III, I, IV, II
B) IV, I, III, II
C) I, II, III, IV
D) III, II, I, IV
E) IV, I, II, III

Question 28

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology?

A) infection control only
B) epidemiology only
C) immunology only
D) both infection control and epidemiology
E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology

Question 29

Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of

A) etiology.
B) genetic engineering.
C) immunology.
D) microbial genetics.
E) gene therapy.

Question 30

The experiments conducted by John T. Needham using infusions were interpreted as supporting the theory of

A) antisepsis.
B) bioremediation.
C) spontaneous generation.
D) etiology.
E) chemotherapy.

Question 31

An explanation of observations and data supported by the experimental results of many scientists for many years is

A) a theory.
B) a hypothesis.
C) scientific method.
D) popular opinion.
E) a control group.

Question 32

The principle of disinfection to reduce HAIs (healthcare associated infections) among patients was initially introduced by

A) L. Pasteur and R. Koch.
B) I. Semmelweis and J. Lister.
C) P. Erhlich and A. Fleming.
D) J. Snow and R. Koch.
E) E. Jenner and L. Pasteur.

Question 33

Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT

A) the cause of anthrax.
B) the cause of fermentation.
C) development of a method to determine the cause of an infectious disease.
D) the cause of tuberculosis.
E) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory.

Question 34

The hypothesis that cowpox could provide protection against smallpox was tested by ________ and provided the basis for the first vaccine.

A) Robert Koch
B) Edward Jenner
C) Eduard Buchner
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 35

Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the ________ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria.

A) Koch's stain
B) Gram stain
C) Pasteur fermentation test
D) Petri stain
E) Ehrlich magic test

Question 36

Louis Pasteur's experiments disproving spontaneous generation were different from John Needham's in which important way?

A) The necks of the flasks Pasteur used were bent into an S-shape and left open to the air.
B) Pasteur boiled infusions to kill any microbes present.
C) The necks of Pasteur's flasks were bent into an S-shape and then melted to seal them.
D) Pasteur used meat broths instead of infusions.
E) The flasks Pasteur used were sealed with corks.

Question 37

The work of Eduard Buchner and the discovery of enzymes laid the foundations for the field of

A) biochemistry.
B) epidemiology.
C) immunology.
D) mycology.
E) genetics.

Question 38

The work of ________ on fermentation led to the discovery that enzymes are responsible for the chemical reactions that occur in cells.

A) Lister
B) Koch
C) Pasteur
D) Buchner
E) Woese

Question 39

The taxonomic system is a way to

A) demonstrate the relationship between microbes and disease.
B) classify organisms based on similarities.
C) identify chemicals which may be toxic to microbes.
D) demonstrate spontaneous generation.
E) study disease in human populations

Question 40

Who discovered penicillin?

A) Fleming
B) Ehrlich
C) Kitasato
D) Pasteur
E) Domagk

Question 41

Robert Koch sought a "magic bullet" for the treatment of disease caused by bacteria.

Question 42

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is

A) epidemiology.
B) bioremediation.
C) chemotherapy.
D) serology.
E) ecology.

Question 43

The amateur scientist (Koch/Leeuwenhoek/Pasteur) made his own microscopes and first reported the existence of microbes.

Question 44

The field of ________ is a thoroughly modern discipline that has led to new ways to treat infectious disease.

A) recombinant DNA technology
B) epidemiology
C) immunology
D) serology
E) biochemistry

Question 45

The use of Saccharomyces as a probiotic is an example of the application of biotechnology.

Question 46

Microbes that cause infectious disease are called (pathogens/germs/viruses).

Question 47

A(n) (photosynthetic/algae/plant) organism makes its own food using light energy.

Question 48

Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water.

Question 49

Single-celled organisms known as diatoms have glasslike walls and are a type of algae.

Question 50

A scientist conducts experiments to test a(n) (observation/hypothesis/theory).

Question 51

Koch's postulates can be used to determine the causes of infectious diseases.

Question 52

Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conducted experiments and observations he made with microbes.

Question 53

A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n) (prokaryotic/archaeal/eukaryotic) cell.

Question 54

Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.

Question 55

Protozoa are also called prokaryotes.

Question 56

The term ________ involves the study of the blood components that fight infection.

A) antisepsis
B) chemotherapy
C) etiology
D) serology
E) bioremediation

Question 57

Enzymes are required for fermentation.

Question 58

Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

Question 59

The work of (Needham/Redi/Spallanzani) using infusions in sealed vials provided strong evidence that spontaneous generation does not occur.

Question 60

Single-celled eukaryotes that feed on other organisms and have a cell wall are (algae/fungi/protozoa).

Question 61

Compare and contrast the three types of eukaryotic microbes.

Question 62

A (colony/habitat/biofilm) is a mixed population of microbes growing together on surfaces.

Question 63

Use the basic steps of the scientific method to describe Pasteur's experiments to investigate spontaneous generation.

Question 64

Explain how the discipline of biochemistry grew out of the science of microbiology.

Question 65

Pasteur's research on anthrax and rabies contributed to the development of the field of epidemiology/immunology/etiology).

Question 66

The (physiology/metabolism) of an organism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the organism.

Question 67

Spallanzani's experiments contradicted the experiments of (Needham/Redi/Pasteur) on spontaneous generation.

Question 68

Biotechnology can be said to have ancient roots. Explain.

Question 69

The work of Albert Kluyver and C. B. van Niel contributed to the development of (biochemistry/epidemiology/etiology).

Question 70

A term synonymous with immunization, (vaccination/infection) is derived from the Latin name of the cowpox virus.

Question 71

You are a young scientist who has just learned about one of the hot topics in microbiology, biofilms. One aspect of the interest in biofilms is that the microbes living within biofilms appear to behave and function differently from their counterparts not living in a biofilm. Devise a way to explore the idea. (Do not focus on the technical details of how this might be accomplished.)

Question 72

The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called (gene/therapy/chemotherapy).

Question 73

The work of Oswald Avery, George Beadle, Edward Tatum and many others into the role of DNA laid the foundations of (microbial genetics/microbiology/recombinant DNA technology).