Deck 6: Cybercrime, Culture, and Inequality

Question 1

__________ includes the first major body of works that sought to explain the causes, control, and dynamics of crime spatially by examining neighborhood, community, urban, and environmental factors.

A) The classical school of criminology
B) Positivism
C) The Chicago School of Criminology
D) Spiritualism
E) None of the above

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ conceptualized the city as consisting of five primary concentric zones.

A) Human ecology theory
B) The concentric zone theory
C) Strain theory
D) Anomie theory
E) None of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________ holds that crime occurs in locations where a community is no longer able to regulate the conduct of its members according to accepted conventional norms, values, and beliefs and instead realizes the unconventional values of its residents.

A) Strain theory
B) The concentric zone theory
C) Human ecology theory
D) Social disorganization theory
E) None of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

___________ refers to the ability of residents and the community to control illicit behavior.

A) Collective efficacy
B) Social capital
C) Social disorganization
D) Human ecology
E) None of the above

Question 5

__________ refers to the extent to which an individual has developed relations with others and societal institutions over his or her life.

A) Collective efficacy
B) Social capital
C) Social disorganization
D) Human ecology
E) None of the above

Question 6

___________ accept the goals of society and the available means to achieve them.

A) Conformists
B) Innovators
C) Ritualists
D) Retreatists
E) Rebels

Question 7

___________ accept the goals of society but reject the available means to achieve them; instead, they opt to use different and typically illegal means to achieve them.

A) Ritualists
B) Retreatists
C) Rebels
D) Conformists
E) Innovators

Question 8

___________ reject the goals of society but still engage in the legitimate means that can be used to achieve such goals.

A) Rebels
B) Conformists
C) Ritualists
D) Retreatists
E) Innovators

Question 9

___________ reject the goals of society and the legitimate means to achieve them.

A) Rebels
B) Conformists
C) Ritualists
D) Retreatists
E) Innovators

Question 10

__________ reject the goals of society and the legitimate means to achieve them; instead, these individuals create new goals and new means to achieve them.

A) Rebels
B) Conformists
C) Ritualists
D) Retreatists
E) Innovators

Question 11

_______ is a condition in a community whereby its structure and culture do not reflect the values and best interests of its residents.

Question 12

________ refers to a state of society characterized by normlessness.

Question 13

________ refers to the discrepancy that exists between what an individual expects in life and what the individual actually gets.

Question 14

According to _________, an individual may perceive himself or herself as being disadvantaged with respect to others in a reference group believed to be in similar situations and having similar attributes.

Question 15

Robert Agnew proposed ________, which explains criminality from strained experiences at individual, interpersonal, and structural levels.

Question 16

_______ explain why these subcultures exist, what type of subculture is created, and why the subcultures persist.

Question 17

_______ proposes that delinquent subcultures that emerge have beliefs, values, and norms different from those of mainstream society.

Question 18

__________ proposes that the social structure provides unequal access to both legitimate and illegitimate means to success.

Question 19

_______ is the study of the relationship between individuals and the environment.

Question 20

_______ comprise a hacking subculture that exploited vulnerabilities of telephone switching networks, enabling them to make free-long distance phone calls.

Question 21

Broken windows theory holds that persistent disorder and incivility within a community are associated with future occurrences of serious crimes in that area.

Question 22

Robert Merton utilized Durkheim's anomie concept in his anomie theory.

Question 23

As in Robert Merton's anomie theory, the American Dream plays a pivotal role in institutional anomie theory.

Question 24

Emotional coping strategies minimize the negative outcomes of the strain, maximize positive outcomes of the strain, or accept responsibility for the strain.

Question 25

Cognitive coping strategies include activities to alleviate or relieve negative emotions.

Question 26

Behavioral coping strategies seek to eliminate or reduce the sources of strain by actively seeking positive stimuli or avoiding negative stimuli.

Question 27

The middle-class measuring rod includes standards for academic performance, language proficiency, and behavior.

Question 28

Corner boys adapt to their environment and engage in actions within their limited means and capabilities that are in line with that of mainstream society.

Question 29

Corner boys are similar to Merton's conformists.

Question 30

Albert Cohen believed that individuals adapted to strain individually, whereas Robert Merton believed they adapted collectively.