Deck 17: Putting Theory to Work: Guiding Crime Control Policy

Question 1

Which of the following was the guiding philosophy of the criminal justice system from the 1800s to the 1970s?

A) Get tough deterrence.
B) Rehabilitation.
C) Situational crime prevention.
D) Order-maintenance policing.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is a good example of an ineffective policy that is employed nonetheless, for reasons other than theory and research?

A) Restorative justice.
B) Situational crime prevention.
C) Boot camps.
D) Cognitive-behavioral rehabilitation.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Thinking about crime control began to change in the 1970s as a result of all the following, except

A) Rising crime in the 1960s led many to question the effectiveness of rehabilitation programming.
B) Influential studies, such as that conducted by Martinson, claimed that rehabilitation was ineffective.
C) The political climate of the 1970s was more conservative.
D) Decreased crime in the 1960s led many to question the cost-effectiveness of rehabilitation programming (e.g., "Why put money into rehabilitation when crime is not a problem?").

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Punishments that fall in between prison and regular probation, such as home incarceration, are known as

A) Incapacitation effects.
B) Intermediate sanctions.
C) Indeterminate sentencing.
D) Three-strikes policies.

Question 5

Which of the following is true according to Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory?

A) Economic disadvantage has fostered social disorganization and crime in communities.
B) The lack of control over disreputable people has fostered crime in communities.
C) Increased use of the criminal justice system will probably cause crime to increase rather than decrease.
D) An increase in broken windows in a neighborhood leads to lower rates of burglary, since homes are assumed to be abandoned.

Question 6

Which of the following crime prevention strategies did Wilson and Kelling advocate, stemming from their broken windows theory?

A) Motorized police patrol.
B) Installation of burglar alarms.
C) Foot patrol.
D) Tax incentives for businesses in poor neighborhoods.

Question 7

According to situational crime prevention, a key to reducing crime is

A) Eliminating awareness space of offenders.
B) More severe criminal justice punishment.
C) Rehabilitating criminal dispositions.
D) Reducing physical opportunities for crime.

Question 8

When crime is not really reduced, but is simply changed in some way, what has occurred?

A) Proactive prevention.
B) Reactive control.
C) Displacement.
D) Diffusion of benefits.

Question 9

Areas where crime are concentrated are referred to as

A) Activity nodes.
B) Hot spots.
C) Crime generators.
D) Crime nodes.

Question 10

According to Clear, high incarceration rates in a neighborhood result in

A) A breakdown in community controls.
B) Increased informal social control.
C) Increased formal social control.
D) Reduction in criminal behavior.

Question 11

This type of criminal justice sanction holds offenders accountable for their crimes through a conference that includes the offender(s), victim(s), and community representatives.

A) Situational crime prevention.
B) Restorative justice.
C) Environmental corrections.
D) Intermediate sanctions.

Question 12

Cullen et al. argue that probation/parole officers need to reduce both

A) Severity of sentences and opportunity.
B) Severity of sentences and propensity.
C) Propensity and drug use.
D) Propensity and opportunity.

Question 13

Cullen et al. present a theory of

A) Environmental probation.
B) Environmental parole.
C) Environmental corrections.
D) Environmental criminal justice.

Question 14

Cullen et al. argue that this should be used to reduce criminal propensity.

A) Opportunity assessments along with place managers and offender handlers.
B) Boot camps.
C) Intensive supervision.
D) Restorative justice.

Question 15

Advocates of rehabilitation and prevention programming, as opposed to get tough approaches, argue all the following except

A) Rehabilitation programs are more retributive than are prison sentences.
B) Several rehabilitative programs are more cost-effective than prisons.
C) The public is supportive of rehabilitative programs.
D) Research has shown that some rehabilitative programs are effective.

Question 16

Advocates of rehabilitative programming suggest that the most effective programs

A) Target early adulthood.
B) Target low-risk offenders.
C) Employ a single instructional technique.
D) Focus on individual traits, family, school, peer groups, and community factors.

Question 17

Early intervention with at-risk youth would best be classified as

A) Rehabilitation.
B) Primary prevention.
C) Secondary prevention.
D) Tertiary prevention.

Question 18

Farrington and Welsh's review of early intervention showed which of the following to be particularly effective at the individual level?

A) Pre-school enrichment programming.
B) Drug therapy.
C) Exposure to soothing music.
D) Elimination of exposure to alcohol.

Question 19

The PATHE program

A) Aims to prevent crime through problem-oriented policing.
B) Aims to prevent crime through drug treatment.
C) Aims to prevent school crime through isolating delinquents in alternative schools.
D) Aims to prevent crime through creating in classrooms and schools' greater competence, cooperation, and sense of belonging.

Question 20

An example of a particularly promising community-based approach to crime prevention, according to Farrington and Welsh, is

A) Zero-tolerance policing.
B) Big Brothers Big Sisters mentoring program.
C) Environmental redesign.
D) STATUS.

Question 21

Thoroughly discuss at least five reasons why the get tough approach is a questionable policy.

Question 22

What do Wilson and Kelling mean by broken windows? Explain the process whereby broken windows and crime are linked at the macro level (e.g., at the neighborhood level).

Question 23

Is criminal justice intervention compatible with broken windows theory? If so, how specifically? If not, why not?

Question 24

Describe in detail at least four criticisms and/or controversies surrounding broken windows theory.

Question 25

Explain Clarke's situational crime prevention. Why does he advocate this approach in favor of more traditional criminology?

Question 26

Review specific examples, as discussed by Clarke, of evidence that reducing physical opportunities for crime can be effective prevention.

Question 27

According to Cullen et al., what two factors are needed for a criminal event to occur? Why does offender supervision traditionally fail? How do environmental corrections remedy some of the issues found in traditional probation?

Question 28

Drawing on Welsh and Farrington's review, provide a through discussion of two effective approaches to crime prevention.