Deck 3: Theories of Crime

Question 1

One method used to determine guilt or innocence in ancient times was .

A)Bench trial.
B)Arraignment.
C)Trial by ordeal.
D)Trial by jury.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The school of criminology argues that people freely choose to break the law.

A)Chicago.
B)Positivist.
C)Grade.
D)Classical.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

This criminologist's theory espoused free will and punishment based on humane principles.

A)Cesare Beccaria.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Jeremy Bentham.
D)Travis Hirschi.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

states that people are guided by desire for pleasure and aversion to pain.

A)Labeling theory.
B)Utilitarianism theory.
C)Behaviorism.
D)Psychoanalytic theory.

Question 5

The idea that social action should be based on the utilitarian principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is from .

A)Bentham's mental calculus.
B)Sheldon's somatotyping.
C)Beccaria's nine principles.
D)Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Question 6

This set of criminological theories uses scientific techniques to study crime and offenders.

A)Chicago school.
B)Positivist school.
C)Biological school.
D)Classical school.

Question 7

This technique sought to measure personality by measuring the size and pattern of bumps on the skull.

A)Somatotyping.
B)Phrenology.
C)Fingerprinting.
D)Psychoanalysis.

Question 8

Cesare Lombroso called the physical differences of the "born criminal" .

A)XYY syndrome.
B)Somatotyping.
C)Atavisms.
D)Hormones.

Question 9

Sheldon used this term to describe his three variations of the body.

A)Somatotyping.
B)Phrenology.
C)XYY syndrome.
D)Atavisms.

Question 10

The basic idea of is that genes are, in part, responsible for behavior because they determine how our brains are constructed.

A)Atavisms.
B)Somatotyping.
C)Psychoanalysis.
D)Biosocial criminology.

Question 11

This refers to the act of thinking, which includes attitudes, beliefs, and values that individuals hold about themselves, other people, and their surroundings.

A)Cognition.
B)Socialization.
C)Operant conditioning.
D)Labeling.

Question 12

Freud contended that personality is composed of three parts: .

A)Id, ego, and supraego.
B)Id, ego, and subego.
C)Id, ego, and superego.
D)Id, ego, and interego.

Question 13

Skinner's theory of behaviorism was based on the psychological principle of .

A)Operant conditioning.
B)Labels.
C)Psychoanalytic theory.
D)Behavior.

Question 14

The school of theories relies on the demographics and geographic location of individuals.

A)Chicago.
B)Positivist.
C)Critical.
D)Biological.

Question 15

This theory of delinquency claims that crime is learned.

A)Differential association theory.
B)Labeling theory.
C)Strain theory.
D)Behaviorism.

Question 16

This theory is based on Durkheim's theory of anomie.

A)Differential association theory.
B)Strain theory.
C)Behaviorism.
D)Labeling theory.

Question 17

This theory explores why people do not break the law.

A)Social control theory.
B)Neutralization theory.
C)XYY syndrome.
D)Strain theory.

Question 18

This theory seeks to explain how delinquents drift between conventional lifestyles and delinquent ones.

A)Neutralization theory.
B)Labeling theory.
C)Strain theory.
D)Anomie.

Question 19

This theory contends that people commit deviant behavior because they consider themselves outsiders.

A)Strain theory.
B)Marxism.
C)Labeling theory.
D)Neutralization theory.

Question 20

This theory is actually an umbrella term that encompasses a range of perspectives that consider social justice a legitimate end.

A)Peacemaking theory.
B)Critical theory.
C)Marxism.
D)Chicago school.

Question 21

Although the idea of Communism reflects this theorist's ideas, it is important to note that he died before the Communist states in the former Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba were established.

A)Freud.
B)Stalin.
C)Marx.
D)Beccaria.

Question 22

This term describes an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the reality of that class's existence.

A)False consciousness.
B)Communism.
C)Class theory.
D)Psychoanalysis.

Question 23

One of the historical defects of criminological theory has been its reliance on subjects.

A)Female.
B)Criminal.
C)Male.
D)Juvenile.

Question 24

theory observes that people of color are overrepresented at every decision point of the criminal justice system.

A)Critical race theory.
B)Racial profiling theory.
C)Strain theory.
D)Labeling theory.

Question 25

examines how women are treated differently from men in a society dominated by men.

A)Feminism.
B)Critical race theory.
C)Marxism.
D)XYY theory.

Question 26

Which is not a life-course theory?

A)Persistent-offending and desistance-from-crime theory.
B)Differential association theory.
C)Pathway theory.
D)All of the above are life-course theories.

Question 27

Early criminal psychology looked for individual that influenced behavior, such as extroversion or introversion.

A)Somatotypes.
B)Traits.
C)Choices.
D)Attitudes.

Question 28

As a starting point in addressing the social condition of women, feminists employ the concept of , which argues that society has different expectations of females and males.

A)Traits.
B)Hedonism.
C)Gender.
D)Sex.

Question 29

According to Bandura, the process of learning by watching the behavior of others is .

A)Observational learning.
B)Strain.
C)Behaviorism.
D)Labeling.

Question 30

According to Elliot and colleagues' , strain, social control, and association with delinquent peers affect all youths regardless of class.

A)Labeling theory.
B)Peer theory.
C)Strain theory.
D)Integrated theory of delinquent behavior.

Question 31

According to , social action should be based on the utilitarian principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number."

A)Bentham.
B)Moffitt.
C)Freud.
D)Beccaria.

Question 32

According to Tittle's theory, a person who either exerts too little control or too much control is more likely to break the law.

A)Strain.
B)Control balance.
C)Critical.
D)Life-course.

Question 33

According to Moffitt, an offender whose antisocial behavior is limited to the teenage years is a(n) offender.

A)Delinquent.
B)Adolescence-limited.
C)Primary deviant.
D)Life-course-persistent.

Question 34

According to Laub and Sampson, offenders who eventually adopt more conventional behavior typically experience .

A)Pathways.
B)Labeling.
C)Turning points.
D)Strain.

Question 35

The earliest explanations for deviant behavior attributed crime to supernatural forces.

Question 36

The modern U.S. criminal justice system still uses supernatural theories to explain crime.

Question 37

Both Beccaria and Bentham were concerned more with reforming the criminal justice system than with finding the causes of crime.

Question 38

Behaviorism focuses on unconscious forces and drives.

Question 39

The positivist school of criminology is a natural outgrowth of the rise of the scientific method.

Question 40

According to operant conditioning, behavior is more likely to occur when it is rewarded and less likely to occur when it is punished or not rewarded.

Question 41

Chicago--school criminologists rejected the role of external factors in causing crime.

Question 42

According to Merton's strain theory, crime problems arise when there is unequal access to societal norms and goals.

Question 43

According to Merton, individuals disregard the goal when the means are lacking.

Question 44

Neutralization theory states that offenders use techniques to deflect feelings of blame and shame.

Question 45

Hirschi's social control theory seeks to explain why people break the law.

Question 46

Labeling does not happen accidentally.

Question 47

In the past, crime research assumed that women were just a subset of men and that research findings could be easily applied to women.

Question 48

Rational choice theory states that individuals' environments cause them to break the law.

Question 49

Differential association theory states that criminal offenders are physically different from the rest of the population.

Question 50

Bandura's most famous experiment was the "Bobo doll experiment."

Question 51

Neither Bentham nor Beccaria was concerned with why people broke the law.

Question 52

Both Hooton and Lombroso believed that tattooing was the mark of an inferior person.

Question 53

Kohlberg theorized that the quality of our moral development was in no way related to how we adapt to cognitive disequilibrium or the thinking that occurs when we realize that what we learn does not match what we know.

Question 54

There is some concern about the diagnosis of "psychopathy" because it is difficult to recognize before serious crime has occurred.

Question 55

Discuss the relationship between the trait approach of psychology and criminal profiling.

Question 56

Briefly state Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Question 57

List the three major levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Question 58

Discuss the three categories of psychopath according to Robert Hare.

Question 59

Distinguish antisocial personality disorder from psychopathy.

Question 60

List the five adaptive types from Merton's strain theory.

Question 61

List the four elements of the social bond according to Hirschi.

Question 62

List Sykes and Matza's five techniques of neutralization:

Question 63

According to Lemert, what is the difference between primary deviation and secondary deviation?