Deck 15: Endangered Species and Protected Areas

Question 1

One of the main responses to the endangerment of species is to ________.

A) create protected areas
B) cull predators
C) ignore the problem
D) All of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In their global reassessment of the resilience of key planetary systems, Steffen et al. (2015) found ________ to be the most stressed of all natural systems.

A) climate
B) oceans
C) biodiversity
D) the ozone layer

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Scientist in different parts of the world have recently discovered massive reductions in the numbers of forest insects compared with populations ________ years ago.

A) 90-100
B) 60-70
C) 10-20
D) 30-40

Answer 3

D

Question 4

"Nature has value in and of itself" is an example of ________.

A) extrinsic value
B) extinctive value
C) instinctive value
D) intrinsic value

Question 5

The last Javan rhinoceros in Vietnam was shot in ________.

A) 1999
B) 2010
C) 1885
D) 1956

Question 6

Values that humans derive from other species are known as ________.

A) extrinsic values
B) extinctive values
C) instinctive values
D) intrinsic values

Question 7

An animal is considered ecologically extinct when it is ________.

A) no longer found anywhere on the globe
B) no longer found in at least one part of its former range
C) native to only a small geographic range
D) found in such low numbers that it can no longer fulfill its ecological role

Question 8

Ninety per cent of the world's food supply originated from ________.

A) tropical animals
B) temperate animals
C) tropical plants
D) temperate plants

Question 9

The active ingredient found in the western yew that treats cancer is ________.

A) rubber
B) trans-pulegol
C) aspirin
D) taxol

Question 10

Wheat originates from a wild species in ________.

A) the Mediterranean
B) Siberia
C) Southeast Asia
D) South America

Question 11

Standard economic systems tend to ________.

A) undervalue natural resources
B) have a neutral perspective on the value of natural resources
C) highly value natural resources
D) incorporate the cost of environmental damage

Question 12

________ are considered biodiversity "hot spots."

A) Temperate areas
B) Open ocean areas
C) Tropical areas
D) Arctic areas

Question 13

Tropical deforestation is caused by ________.

A) over-consumption of resources
B) inequality in the distribution of wealth
C) rapidly growing human population levels
D) All of the above

Question 14

The IUCN Red List includes approximately ________ species threatened with extinction.

A) 55,000
B) 10,500
C) 1,500
D) 26,500

Question 15

Estimates suggest that ________ of tropical rain forests have already disappeared.

A) 30 per cent
B) 50 per cent
C) 20 per cent
D) 75 per cent

Question 16

Up to ________ of terrestrial species are estimated to exist in the tropics.

A) 90 per cent
B) 50 per cent
C) 75 per cent
D) 82 per cent

Question 17

Of the threatened species, ________ are threatened primarily by human consumption.

A) 60 per cent
B) 98 per cent
C) 70 per cent
D) 85 per cent

Question 18

The Canadian species hunted to extinction as a way of feeding fishers and stuffing mattresses was ________.

A) the great auk
B) the passenger pigeon
C) the Carolina parakeet
D) the Swift fox

Question 19

Once the most abundant land bird on Earth, ________ has been extinct since 1914.

A) the great auk
B) the Atlantic puffin
C) the Eider duck
D) the passenger pigeon

Question 20

Of the 16 chinook salmon populations studied by COSEWIC ________ are endangered.

A) 1
B) 4
C) 14
D) 8

Question 21

COSEWIC uses the following terms for risk categories in its assessments: ________.

A) near threatened, vulnerable, and endangered
B) endangered, special concern, and threatened
C) threatened, endangered, and critically endangered
D) endangered, ecologically extinct, and extinct

Question 22

The ________ convention outlines regulations for the import and export of endangered flora and fauna.

A) IUCN
B) CITES
C) COSEWIC
D) None of the above

Question 23

Prairie dogs have nearly been driven to extinction as a result of ________.

A) an extermination program to reduce the impact of their burrows on cattle and horses
B) over-hunting for food
C) an extermination program that would prevent them from eating crops
D) habitat loss due to the rapid expansion of farm lands

Question 24

________ is the leading cause of biodiversity loss in Canada.

A) Introductions of exotic species
B) Habitat degradation
C) Climate change
D) Over-consumption by humans

Question 25

________ does NOT contribute to habitat change.

A) Pollution
B) Urban development
C) Overhunting
D) Agriculture

Question 26

In situ conservation ________.

A) returns species to their natural habitat
B) breeds animals in captivity
C) focuses on an organism within its natural habitat
D) helped the return of the swift fox

Question 27

Breeding endangered species in zoos and aquaria is an example of ________.

A) in situ conservation
B) extirpation
C) ex situ conservation
D) public education

Question 28

________ has been hunted due to its hunting of caribou.

A) Swift fox
B) Beaver
C) Wolf
D) Grizzly bear

Question 29

________ were killed to help ________ survive.

A) Coyotes; hares
B) Wolves; deer
C) Cougars; Vancouver Island marmots
D) Eagles; prairie dogs

Question 30

Canada's migratory waterfowl are in decline, but NOT due to ________.

A) hunting
B) fertility loss
C) environmental contamination
D) habitat loss and degradation

Question 31

The goal of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan between Canada, the USA, and Mexico is to ________.

A) institute predator control programs to reduce predation on waterfowl
B) conserve wetland and associated upland habitat
C) begin ex situ conservation initiatives for highly endangered species
D) All of the above

Question 32

________ led to extirpation of bald eagles on the Canadian side of Lake Erie.

A) The promotion of eagles amongst sport hunters
B) The introduction of raccoons that ate eagle eggs
C) The high input of chemicals that led to thinner eggshells and low breeding success
D) All of the above

Question 33

Decline in ancient murrelets' populations in the Haida Gwaii is being caused by the introduction of the ________.

A) red squirrel
B) peregrine falcon
C) Dawson's caribou
D) Norway rat

Question 34

________ would make a species more vulnerable to extinction.

A) Seasonal migration
B) Large body size
C) Specialized habitats required for feeding or breeding
D) All of the above

Question 35

Animals with larger body sizes are more vulnerable to extinction because ________.

A) they are not easily hunted by humans
B) they tend to have small ranges that are vulnerable to fragmentation
C) they are dependent on abundance of many different species lower in the food chain
D) All of the above

Question 36

Populations of the peregrine falcon started to crash in the 1940s due to ________.

A) bioaccumulation of pesticides
B) expanding urban areas
C) declining prey populations
D) overhunting

Question 37

Canada withdrew from the Whaling Convention ________.

A) to allow for the importation of whale meat from Japan
B) to permit Indigenous whaling in the Arctic
C) to allow for scientific research on whale carcasses
D) to allow for harvesting of certain species of whales

Question 38

________ was an important international agreement to protect biodiversity that emerged from the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

A) The Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
B) The International Convention on the Hunting and Protection of Birds
C) The Convention on Biological Diversity
D) The Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

Question 39

Canada's endangered species legislation is called ________.

A) the Species at Risk Act
B) the Endangered Species Act
C) the Endangered Wildlife Protection Act
D) the Protection of Red Listed Species Act

Question 40

Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA) was finally passed in ________.

A) 1995
B) 2002
C) 1998
D) 2008

Question 41

COSEWIC's role under SARA is ________.

A) to institute wildlife trade controls
B) to determine the boundaries of "representative" ecosystems
C) to determine the status of endangered species
D) to designate protected areas

Question 42

Some species are not yet listed under SARA because ________.

A) some agencies are not willing to take on the responsibility of recovery required under the listing
B) species receive protection only on federal lands
C) listings may be politically influenced
D) All of the above

Question 43

Recent trends in protected area establishment have resulted from growing evidence that ________.

A) protected areas help to combat environmental degradation
B) biodiversity is rapidly being lost
C) environmental and societal health are connected
D) All of the above

Question 44

Protected areas can play a role ________.

A) in storing and protecting ecological capital
B) in education through outdoor classrooms
C) as outdoor laboratories for scientists
D) All of the above

Question 45

In Canada, national parks are established with the goal of protecting ________.

A) only terrestrial lands
B) at least part of each of the country's 39 distinct regions
C) previously degraded habitats
D) All of the above

Question 46

According to the IUCN's classification of protected areas, the category most intensively protected from humans is ________.

A) the wilderness area
B) the habitat/species management area
C) the strict nature reserve
D) the protected landscape or seascape

Question 47

________ is used to quantify risk of extinction and the factors contributing to decline and can help prioritize conservation actions among endangered populations.

A) Population viability analysis
B) Minimum viable population
C) In situ conservation recovery
D) Maximum survival analysis

Question 48

________ was established (in part) to protect the wood bison.

A) Banff National Park
B) Wood Bison Provincial Park
C) Great Plains National Park
D) Wood Buffalo National Park

Question 49

Wood Buffalo National Park protects more than its namesake; it is also home to the very endangered ________.

A) sandhill crane
B) great auk
C) harlequin duck
D) whooping crane

Question 50

A biosphere reserve is ________.

A) an international-level protected area designation that consists of a core protected area and a surrounding zone of co-operation
B) a national-level protected area designation, exclusive to Canada, that encourages education and research
C) an international protected area designation that is made up exclusively of "no-take" lands and sea
D) a provincial-level protected area designation, exclusive to Canada, that promotes sustainable resource use

Question 51

Extinction is now occurring many times faster than natural rates.

Question 52

Parks afford adequate protection to all species needing it.

Question 53

No national park anywhere on the planet is big or remote enough to exclude the impacts of modern human society.

Question 54

All species in a community combine to maintain vital ecosystem processes that make human life possible.

Question 55

Less than 1 per cent of the world's tropical plants have been screened for pharmaceutical applications.

Question 56

Governments often demonstrate willingness to protect biodiversity, regardless of cost.

Question 57

Humans use 40 per cent of the planet's net primary productivity (NPP).

Question 58

There is a larger number of endangered species in the tropics than in temperate areas.

Question 59

Pollution is the leading cause of biodiversity loss.

Question 60

Conservation methods would never advocate the culling of one species to save another.

Question 61

In situ conservation occurs in zoological facilities.

Question 62

Canadian species will be less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because species will be able to migrate northward.

Question 63

Raptors are particularly good indicators of chemical degradation of habitats through pesticides.

Question 64

CITES controls and monitors the international trade of sea turtles.

Question 65

Canada was the first nation to pass endangered species legislation.

Question 66

Terrestrial and marine areas are equally well represented in the world's protected areas.

Question 67

According to the Ecological Integrity Panel, the ecological integrity in all the national parks in Canada is in peril.

Question 68

Fragmentation of habitat can lead to higher genetic diversity within species.

Question 69

Parks Canada has disallowed the removal of the second egg laid by whooping cranes in an effort to maintain natural processes in Wood Buffalo National Park.

Question 70

National Park Reserves do not prejudice against future land claim negotiations.

Question 71

What is the difference between ecocentric and anthropocentric views of life?

Question 72

What three main factors have contributed to the destruction of tropical forests?

Question 73

List five characteristics that make species especially vulnerable to extinction.

Question 74

In Canada, what has led to the decline in peregrine falcon populations? What approaches have been taken to conserve the species?

Question 75

What does the Convention on Biological Diversity require its signatories to do?

Question 76

Why has Canada's current endangered species legislation been criticized?

Question 77

What do Nantel et al. (2014) say in the review of the many interactions between climate change and biodiversity in Canada suggest for managers of protected areas?

Question 78

List the various roles of protected areas.

Question 79

What is active management?

Question 80

What is stewardship and what forms can it take?