Deck 4: Classification and Diagnosis

Question 1

The DSM is based on a medical model of disease.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Asperger's syndrome is a diagnosis in DSM-5.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Even with standardized diagnostic criteria, clinical intuition plays a role in diagnosing patients.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Non-suicidal self-injury is not a disorder on its own, as it is a symptom of borderline personality disorder.

Question 5

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the diagnoses that underwent significant revision in DSM-5.

Question 6

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is considered an anxiety disorder.

Question 7

While the DSM-5 was not able to fully embrace a dimensional approach to diagnosis, where possible, dimensional ratings exist to indicate severity.

Question 8

When two independent raters come up with the same diagnosis for a client, the diagnosis is said to have construct validity.

Question 9

DSM V-codes are for disorders that require further study.

Question 10

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) was the first attempt at classifying mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association.

Question 11

Mental retardation is no longer a diagnosis in DSM-5.

Question 12

DSM-5 uses a similar multiaxial system for diagnosis as DSM-IV-TR.

Question 13

According to Canadian statistics, rates of autism are increasing.

Question 14

Stigmatization is a potential consequence of being diagnosed with mental illness.

Question 15

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is not an actual disorder, but a normative event for women of menstruating years.

Question 16

Physicians are expected to use the DSM-5 PC to diagnose mental health issues when it becomes available.

Question 17

Somatic symptom disorder is diagnosed when a person's medical condition causes psychological pain or distress.

Question 18

The DSM-5 is based on dimensional diagnostic criteria.

Question 19

Pathological gambling is considered an impulse-control disorder.

Question 20

DSM stands for Disease and Statistics Manual.

Question 21

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death

A) until recently, was only used by physicians.
B) currently lists mental disorders as well as physical ailments.
C) is published by the World Health Organization.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 22

Despite attempts at developing a classification system for mental illness in the late 1800s/early 1900s,

A) Consensus could not be reached
B) The French, the British, and the Americans each thought their system was best and should be universally adopted
C) The French, the British, and the Americans had no means to communicate each one's system to people in the other countries
D) There was too much debate over terminology (e.g., insane vs. mentally ill)

Question 23

Jean is working on an advertising campaign for the DSM-5. Who should she target her ads towards?

A) Clinical psychologists
B) Pharmaceutical industry representatives
C) Judges
D) All of the above

Question 24

The case of Ernest, the case study in your text, illustrates that:

A) Biological and contextual factors can lie at the heart of diagnosis
B) Most disorders stem from unhappiness in interpersonal relationships
C) Men often turn to drugs or alcohol to deal with problems like impotence
D) Medication can treat most psychological disorders

Question 25

Earlier classification systems were criticized for being:

A) Underutilized.
B) Overly stigmatizing.
C) Too vague.
D) Too narrow in scope.

Question 26

The DSM-IV provides diagnoses along five areas. These areas are called

A) axes.
B) classifications.
C) multiple dimensions.
D) differential diagnoses.

Question 27

The World Health Organization (WHO) published a new classification system in 1969 that was __________ DSM-II.

A) Similar to
B) More specific than
C) Less specific than
D) Divergent from

Question 28

The 19ᵗʰ century efforts at developing a classification scheme for mental illness was

A) never ratified.
B) based largely upon the ideas of Emil Kraeplin, as they are today.
C) driven by empirical observations.
D) all of the above are correct.

Question 29

What was one of the main criticisms of the first WHO classification system?

A) It was simply a listing of potential behaviours and symptoms without a diagnosis.
B) It listed diagnoses but no behaviours or symptoms which defined the disorders.
C) It was a dimensional rather than categorical approach.
D) It was a categorical rather than dimensional approach.

Question 30

When psychologists find that people who experience delusions and hallucinations have schizophrenia, the diagnosis is said to have construct validity.

Question 31

The first edition of the DSM was published because:

A) American psychiatrists were left out of the development of the ICD
B) American psychiatrists believed Americans experiences mental illness differently than Europeans
C) The mental health disorders section in the ICD was not widely accepted
D) There was no mental health disorders section in the ICD

Question 32

Why are diagnosing and classification of mental disorders so important for clinicians?

A) They allow mental health professionals to communicate efficiently.
B) They help patients seek causes of and treatments for mental disorders.
C) They enable comparisons between physiological and pharmacological treatments.
D) They help therapists design new treatment plans for established disorders.

Question 33

Ernest (featured in the case study at the beginning of the chapter) thought that he became impotent because:

A) His wife constantly emasculated him
B) He was no longer physically attracted to his wife
C) He was drinking heavily almost nightly
D) He really wanted to start a family and was "trying too hard"

Question 34

Experienced clinicians use what, in addition to the DSM, to make diagnoses?

A) ICD-10
B) Insurance reimbursement tables
C) Clinical intuition
D) Physical examination

Question 35

The letters in the abbreviation DSM refers to

A) Diseases and Symptoms of the Mind.
B) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
C) Diseases and Symptoms Manual.
D) Disorders and Symptoms Manual.

Question 36

In addition to having Panic Disorder, Tony has hypertension. The clinician diagnosing him thinks that his medical condition is affecting his psychiatric symptoms. Where, if at all, would his hypertension be included in the DSM-IV diagnosis?

A) Axis II
B) Axis III
C) Axis IV
D) The medical condition would not be included in the DSM-IV diagnosis.

Question 37

In 2013, the DSM-5 was published by the

A) American Psychopathological and Statistical Association.
B) World Health Organization.
C) Congress of Mental Science.
D) American Psychiatric Association.

Question 38

By the end of the 19ᵗʰ century, people realized that:

A) Most mental illnesses were caused by physical illnesses
B) Bloodletting was the most effective means of treating mental illness
C) Opium was effective at treating all mental illnesses
D) Different illnesses required different treatments

Question 39

Jose has a major depression and has multiple sclerosis. He would be diagnosed on

A) Axis I: major depression and Axis III: multiple sclerosis
B) Axis I: major depression; Axis II: multiple sclerosis
C) Axis I: major depression and multiple sclerosis.
D) Axis II: major depression and Axis III: multiple sclerosis

Question 40

What sweeping change to diagnosis (that was introduced in DSM-III) was eliminated in DSM-5?

A) Having the clinical conditions on Axis I
B) Having a multiaxial system
C) Having diagnoses for sexual dysfunctions
D) Having to consider medical conditions

Question 41

In DSM-5, children who were diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome in DSM-IV-TR would now be diagnosed with:

A) Asperger's syndrome
B) Autism
C) Autism spectrum disorder
D) Either Autism spectrum disorder or nothing

Question 42

Internet Addiction Disorder is:

A) Listed in DSM-5 as a disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders disorder
B) Listed in DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive and related disorders disorder
C) Listed in DSM-5 as a condition for further study
D) Not listed in DSM-5, but Internet gaming disorder is

Question 43

In DSM-IV-TR, each diagnostic category also had a diagnosis of "not otherwise specified." In which diagnostic category was that the most frequent diagnosis?

A) Anxiety Disorders
B) Eating Disorders
C) Mood Disorders
D) Somatoform Disorders

Question 44

The DSM is not universally embraced by mental health professionals, in part because it was

A) Based on just one theoretical perspective
B) Developed by a select group of psychiatrists only
C) Based on a medical model of disease
D) Designed to corroborate physical evidence of a mental health disorder

Question 45

Sandra is feeling blue but isn't sure if her symptoms are severe enough to warrant making an appointment with a psychologist. She instead goes to see her family doctor. In recognition that this scenario is fairly common, there is a plan to release DSM-5 PC, which is:

A) A computerized version of the DSM-5
B) An electronic version of the DSM-5 optimized for doctors to use on tablets
C) The complete DSM-5 written in mainstream, politically-correct language
D) A simplified version of the DSM-5 highlighting the disorders doctors are most likely to see in a primary care practice

Question 46

The changes made to the diagnostic criteria of ADHD in DSM-5 were based on:

A) The working group members' opinions
B) Existing empirical evidence
C) Anecdotal evidence from clinicians
D) Pressure from physicians to make it easier to diagnose

Question 47

One of the main objectives of the revision of the DSM (to DSM-5) was to:

A) Ensure that the DSM had definitions for all known mental health disorders
B) Reduce the number of disorders to just those commonly seen in clinical practice
C) Bring the DSM and ICD in line with each other
D) Increase the financial stability of the APA

Question 48

Which of the following is true about Block's (2008) research on Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD)?

A) IAD contains excessive use, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and positive consequences.
B) About 86% of those diagnosed with IAD also have another DSM diagnosis.
C) Similar rates of IAD are found in males aged 16-29 and 30-39.
D) He found that IAD is not really a disorder.

Question 49

One of the disorders that had its diagnostic criteria significantly changed in DSM-5 is:

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Bulimia Nervosa
C) Dissociative identity disorder
D) Post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 50

How did the Internet play a role in the development of DSM-5?

A) Developers of the DSM-5 were able to search out obscure disorders more easily.
B) Developers were able to reach out to mental health practitioners for input more easily
C) Members of the public were invited to comment on proposed changes
D) Members of the public were able to comment on proposed changes

Question 51

Canadian psychologist Paula Caplan's main criticism of past and current versions of the DSM is that:

A) Decisions regarding the manual are made by people with similar viewpoints.
B) The multiaxial classification system does not adequately capture certain disorders.
C) It is less accurate than the ICD in terms of diagnosing.
D) Its psychometric properties are poor.

Question 52

Why are therapists in Asia trained to screen for Internet Addiction Disorder as compared to therapists in Western countries?

A) Internet use is more visible in Asia.
B) Asian Internet users go to Internet cafes.
C) Westerners usually use Internet at home.
D) A and B only.

Question 53

DSM-5 was published in 2013, but work on it began in:

A) 1994
B) 2000
C) 2008
D) 2010

Question 54

Without Axis IV, which of the following would not be included in the DSM-IV diagnosis?

A) A developmental disorder.
B) Alcoholism.
C) Diabetes.
D) Homelessness.

Question 55

The purpose of Axis IV is to

A) identify personality disorders.
B) determine acute disturbance.
C) evaluate environmental and psychosocial problems.
D) account for medical problems affecting mental disorders.

Question 56

What was Paula Caplan's major criticism of the DSM?

A) Not enough Canadian psychologists sat on the decision making committees.
B) People with divergent viewpoints were not included in decision making committees.
C) The reasons for diagnostic changes were not always made explicit.
D) All of the above.

Question 57

DSM-IV-TR is based on a categorical diagnostic system. DSM-5 is based on a ____________ diagnostic system.

A) Categorical
B) Dimensional
C) Structured
D) Half categorical, half dimensional

Question 58

Bella is a 10 year old girl who doesn't seem to have outgrown the "terrible twos" - she has temper tantrums on a regular basis. What diagnosis is she most likely to get when she visits a psychologist?

A) Autism
B) Conduct disorder
C) Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
D) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 59

Which demographics are considered the heaviest Internet users?

A) College students.
B) High school and college students.
C) 25-35 year olds.
D) All of the above.

Question 60

In previous editions of the DSM, suicide was considered in the context of:

A) All disorders
B) Anxiety
C) Depression
D) Suicidal behaviour

Question 61

After a bad break-up, Mike attempted suicide. It's been a year since then and Mike is doing really well. According to criteria proposed in DSM-5, Mike could be diagnosed with:

A) Adjustment disorder
B) Relationship problems
C) Suicidal behaviour disorder
D) Non-suicidal self-injury

Question 62

Approximately what percentage of university students have engaged in non-suicidal self-injury?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 14%
D) 18%

Question 63

What is the challenge posed by comorbidity?

A) It makes treatment planning more difficult.
B) It effects the compliance of clients to treatment.
C) It complicates the coordination of the delivery of services.
D) All of the above.

Question 64

One of the big changes to the DSM-5 was supposed to be a dimensional system for diagnosing personality disorders. Why didn't this happen?

A) Personality disorders are better suited to categorical diagnosis
B) The dimensional system could not account for all personality disorders
C) The dimensional system was not well thought out and would be difficult to use in clinical settings
D) Members of the working group resigned and there was no time to propose new diagnoses

Question 65

The concept of comorbidity in abnormal psychology means that:

A) A client is diagnosed with at least two mental disorders.
B) A client is diagnosed with one mental and one physical disorders.
C) Two clinicians have to diagnose a client with the same disorder.
D) Two clients are diagnosed with the same disorder by the same clinician.

Question 66

Being interested in epidemiology means that:

A) One studies the presence of more than one disorder in a given population.
B) One focuses on the development of disorder in a given population.
C) One studies the frequency and distribution of a disorder in a given population.
D) None of the above.

Question 67

Research out of Brock University indicates that engaging in non-suicidal self-injury

A) Is more likely to be related to suicidal behaviour if there are also past attempts at suicide
B) Is more likely to be related to suicidal behaviour for undergraduates than graduate students
C) Is more likely to be related to suicidal behaviour for graduate students than undergraduates
D) Is unrelated to suicidal behaviour

Question 68

Non-suicidal self-injury is listed in DSM-5 as:

A) A factor associated with bipolar disorder
B) A factor associated with depression
C) A disorder in its own right
D) A condition for further study

Question 69

Allen Frances, chair of DSM-IV, has been very critical of the process surrounding DSM-5 for being:

A) Too cautious in determining new disorders
B) Too slow to respond to the needs of its constituents
C) Too quick to label normative behaviour as abnormal
D) Too long a process

Question 70

The dimensional approach to Personality Disorders is:

A) Listed in DSM-5 as needing further study
B) How personality disorders are diagnosed in DSM-5
C) Not a useful way to conceptualize personality disorders
D) Essentially the five-factor model of personality

Question 71

In which DSM-5 category is autism listed?

A) Schizophrenia.
B) Neurodevelopmental disorders.
C) Mood disorders.
D) Disorders first diagnosed as part of mental retardation.

Question 72

Evidence-based treatment literature has been criticized for:

A) Making it impossible for clinicians to compare treatment efficacy.
B) Excluding participants that have comorbidity conditions.
C) Presenting results in a way that the general population cannot use.
D) Being too vague.

Question 73

Jonny is 17 years old and described by most people who know him as a "punk." He doesn't like following social convention and dresses and speaks to others in a manner that many find inappropriate. His parents want him evaluated for a mental disorder, despite Jonny saying that he's fine and there's nothing wrong with him. What are the likely findings?

A) Jonny most likely has a conduct disorder
B) Jonny most likely is depressed
C) Jonny most likely has oppositional defiant disorder
D) Jonny most likely has no diagnosis

Question 74

Researchers (Ouelette-Kunz et al.) are finding that despite claims of diagnostic inflation, this disorder is on the rise:

A) Asperger's syndrome
B) Autism
C) Conduct disorder
D) Oppositional defiant disorder

Question 75

When Sally becomes overwhelmed with life, she makes small cuts on her arms and stomach with a razor. Lately, she has been engaging in this behaviour once every few weeks. Sally is an ideal candidate for which proposed diagnosis?

A) Borderline personality disorder
B) Persistent complex bereavement disorder
C) Suicidal behaviour disorder
D) Non-suicidal self-injury

Question 76

A component of the DSM-5 definition of a mental disorder is:

A) Violation of social norms
B) Unexpectedness
C) Distress or disability
D) Disturbance or dysfunction

Question 77

The proportion of a population that has a disorder at any given time is referred to as:

A) Incidence.
B) Prevalence.
C) Occurrence.
D) Frequency.

Question 78

Allen Frances has suggested that some of the changes in DSM-5 reflect "diagnostic inflation," which is:

A) Making a diagnosis in order to get paid
B) Labeling normal behaviour as abnormal
C) Offering a diagnosis rather than allowing problems to resolve on their own
D) All of the above

Question 79

Jane has always been generally mentally healthy, but since her husband died three months ago, she constantly feels down. She goes to see a psychologist who diagnoses her according to DSM-5. Jane is diagnosed with:

A) Bereavement
B) Depression
C) Sadness, not otherwise specified
D) She is not diagnosed - she is having a normative response

Question 80

Determining the proportion of a population that has a disorder at a given time is called:

A) Comorbidity.
B) Prevalence.
C) Epidemiology.
D) None of the above.