Deck 10: Life History Strategies

Question 1

Which of the following statements is teleological?

A) Salmon die after spawning to leave more resources for their offspring.
B) Salmon exploit the high productivity of the marine environment.
C) The massive reproductive effort of salmon cannot occur more than once.
D) Salmon are an important source of nutrients in terrestrial environments.
E) none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Reproductive value measures the

A) value of R₀ for the entire population.
B) lifetime reproductive output of an individual.
C) expected reproductive output of an individual of a specific age.
D) expected reproductive output at one moment in time.
E) none of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

One reason the reproductive value changes over the life of the organism is that the

A) reproductive output changes with age.
B) morality rate increases with age.
C) reproductive rate increases with age.
D) b and c
E) none of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A life history strategy refers to the fact that

A) the organism designs its own reproductive pattern.
B) natural selection operates on just one aspect of reproduction.
C) energy does not limit reproduction.
D) the life history consists of a suite of adaptations.
E) none of the above

Question 5

One advantage of metamorphosis is it

A) requires less energy than direct development.
B) minimizes mortality from predation.
C) is phenotypically plastic.
D) allows the organism to exploit important resources.
E) none of the above

Question 6

Jack in the pulpit exhibits sequential hermaphroditism as an adaptation to

A) avoid predation on female plants.
B) avoid predation on male plants.
C) the variation in energy availability.
D) decrease the energy cost of switching sex.
E) none of the above

Question 7

The evolution of the life span

A) cannot be explained.
B) is independent of the reproductive strategy.
C) depends on the increase in the intensity of selection with age.
D) counteracts pleiotropic effects.
E) none of the above

Question 8

The cost of meiosis

A) is about 60%.
B) is due to the dilution of the genetic contribution.
C) is highest in asexual species.
D) occurs after the peak in V_x.
E) none of the above

Question 9

Reproductive output

A) represents a trade-off between l_x and b_x.
B) is greatest after the peak in V_x.
C) is always the physiological maximum.
D) is independent of mortality.
E) none of the above

Question 10

Empirical studies show that

A) reproduction has a mortality cost.
B) mortality has a reproductive cost.
C) artificially large clutches produce more young.
D) reducing the clutch size increases mortality.
E) none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not a reproductive trade-off?

A) number and size of offspring
B) semelparity and iteroparity
C) number of offspring and parental care
D) pleiotropy and parental care
E) none of the above

Question 12

Iteroparous species maximize

A) residual reproductive value.
B) residual reproductive value.
C) current reproduction at the expense of future reproduction.
D) reproduction at the expense of mortality.
E) none of the above

Question 13

Cole's paradox states that

A) the difference in between semelparity and iteroparity is relatively small.
B) iteroparity is really the same as semelparity.
C) for iteroparous species the mortality costs are small.
D) for semelparous species the mortality costs are small.
E) none of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is not a hypothesis to explain the latitudinal increase in clutch size?

A) Longer days at high latitude permit increased foraging by adults.
B) High mortality at high latitude selects for larger clutches.
C) Migration reduces the energy available for reproduction.
D) Populations are smaller at high latitude and thus more energy is available to each individual.
E) none of the above

Question 15

K-selection

A) emphasizes the number of offspring over their quality.
B) emphasizes the quality of offspring over their quality.
C) occurs when competition is low.
D) leads to semelparity.
E) none of the above

Question 16

In jackdaws, experimentally increasing clutch size

A) leads to lower senescence.
B) leads to higher senescence.
C) has no effect on senescence.
D) demonstrates the trade-off between clutch size and fledging rate.
E) none of the above

Question 17

Cole's paradox states that

A) there is no trade-off between reproductive effort and mortality.
B) mortality and reproductive effort increase together.
C) there is a significant difference between annual and perennial reproduction.
D) there is a small difference between annual and perennial reproduction.
E) none of the above

Question 18

Reproductive output is always maximized by natural selection.

Question 19

r-selected species occur in competitive environments.

Question 20

According to bet-hedging theory organisms reduce the variation in fitness relative to the mean fitness.

Question 21

Reproductive is maximum at birth because the organism has not begun to reproduce.

Question 22

Not all aspects of the life history are genetically fixed.

Question 23

Resting stages are an adaptation to unpredictable environments.

Question 24

Genes that act after reproduction is completed are not affected by selection.

Question 25

Neoteny tends to occur in high energy environments.

Question 26

Selection always favors the earliest age at sexual maturity.

Question 27

Diapause is an example of a resting stage during development.

Question 28

Species with sexual larval forms that do not metamorphose are known as __________.

Question 29

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in ageing because they __________.

Question 30

Deleterious mutations that act __________ the peak in V_x are not affected by selection.

Question 31

What does the residual reproductive value measure?

Question 32

The fundamental basis for the evolution of the life history strategy is that __________.

Question 33

Natural selection has its greatest effect where V_x is __________.

Question 34

What types of environments select for a bet-hedging strategy?