Deck 3: Adaptations to the Physical Environment

Question 1

The law of tolerance states that

A) physical factors are always tolerated.
B) there are limits to the physical factors organisms can tolerate.
C) the higher a species' tolerance the more successful it is.
D) physical resources are more important than physical factors.
E) none of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The principle of allocation states that

A) energy is allocated but other physical resources are not.
B) fitness is highest when all energy is allocated to reproduction.
C) fitness is highest when all energy is allocated to survival.
D) some adaptations preclude others.
E) none of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is not an adaptation to avoid harsh conditions?

A) aestivation
B) hibernation
C) torpor
D) increasing the tolerance limit
E) none of the above

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Behavioral thermoregulation

A) is most important in homeotherms.
B) is an example of aestivation.
C) may include basking.
D) never occurs in poikilotherms.
E) none of the above

Question 5

Acclimation

A) is an example of phenotypic plasticity.
B) occurs primarily at high altitude.
C) reduces the level of tolerance.
D) requires many generations.
E) none of the above

Question 6

A high value of Q₁₀ means that

A) if the temperature increases 10 degrees, the rate of a reaction increases dramatically.
B) if the temperature doubles the rate of a reaction increases tenfold.
C) the organism can acclimate easily.
D) DNA is unlikely to denature.
E) none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is not a mechanism of heat loss?

A) conduction
B) emissivity
C) radiation
D) convection
E) none of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is a mismatch?

A) matric pressure/adhesion of water molecules
B) turgor pressure/intracellular pressure
C) osmosis/solute concentration
D) pressure potential/the total water potential in a system
E) none of the above

Question 9

The adaptive advantage of the C4 pathway of photosynthesis is it

A) avoids photorespiration.
B) decreases local osmotic pressure.
C) increases CO₂ uptake during the day.
D) does not require oxygen.
E) none of the above

Question 10

Osmoregulators

A) are an example of acclimation.
B) have wide tolerance limits.
C) are an example of homeostatic species.
D) use urea to excrete nitrogen.
E) none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not a cost of migration?

A) higher mortality
B) energetic demands
C) predation
D) negative social interactions
E) none of the above

Question 12

Which of the following require higher tolerance levels?

A) osmoconformers
B) C4 species
C) homeotherms
D) osmoregulators
E) none of the above

Question 13

Low water availability is characteristic of

A) soils with high field capacity.
B) high turgor pressure.
C) sandy soils.
D) clay soils.
E) none of the above

Question 14

The excretion of nitrogenous wastes involves a trade-off between

A) solubility and energy content.
B) solubility and toxicity.
C) toxicity and matric potential.
D) toxicity and metabolic water.
E) none of the above

Question 15

In a counter-current heat exchange system, the

A) temperature difference between the vessels is minimized.
B) temperature difference between the vessels is maximized.
C) temperatures of the vessels are the same.
D) temperatures of the vessels are never the same.
E) none of the above

Question 16

Poikilotherms

A) allow their internal temperature to vary.
B) maintain a higher internal temperature than the environment.
C) maintain a lower internal temperature than the environment.
D) are ectotherms.
E) none of the above

Question 17

The mean is

A) always the same as the median.
B) always larger than the median.
C) always smaller than the median.
D) the midpoint value of a data set.
E) none of the above

Question 18

Some hibernators wake during the winter.

Question 19

The cost of counter-current heat exchange systems is they are inefficient.

Question 20

Turbulent flow carries away more moisture from the surface of a plant than laminar flow.

Question 21

C3 plants have an advantage of C4 plants in hot, dry environments.

Question 22

Homeothermy is an example of homeostasis.

Question 23

Ammonia has high __________and high __________.

Question 24

Metabolic water is the product of the oxidation of __________.

Question 25

Plants that can tolerate dry conditions are known as __________.

Question 26

The enzyme PEP carboxylase in C4 photosynthesis has a __________ affinity for __________ than RuBP carboxylate in C3 photosynthesis.

Question 27

Adventitious roots are an adaptation to __________.

Question 28

Physical resources are __________ whereas physical factors are __________.

Question 29

List three adaptations that avoid harsh conditions.

Question 30

The function of heat shock proteins is to __________.

Question 31

If you raise the temperature 10^° and the rate of a reaction triples, the value of Q₁₀ is __________.

Question 32

A substance that requires more heat to increase its temperature has a high __________.

Question 33

The temperature of poikilotherms varies with the __________.

Question 34

Why is the variation in the environment sometimes more challenging for organisms than the average conditions?