Deck 12: Coevolution I Exploitative Interactions

Question 1

Parasitoids are a type of parasite in which

A) the host benefits as well.
B) the larvae develop in the body of the host.
C) plants are the primary host.
D) the eggs are laid in the nest of another species.
E) none of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to the life-dinner principle,

A) selection acts asymmetrically on predator and prey.
B) selection acts symmetrically on predator and prey.
C) coevolutionary interactions always come to equilibrium.
D) coevolutionary interactions never come to equilibrium.
E) none of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a coevolutionary arms race,

A) selection is stronger on the predator.
B) selection favors equilibrium.
C) each adaptation by one species leads to a new adaptation in the other.
D) each adaptation by one species negates selection on the other.
E) none of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Group hunting

A) is an adaptation to large, dangerous prey.
B) is an adaptation that requires cooperation.
C) evolves when prey are widely scattered.
D) evolves when prey occur in large groups.
E) none of the above

Question 5

Optimal foraging theory makes the assumption that

A) predators can make decisions.
B) there is a single, optimal foraging strategy.
C) selection operates on groups.
D) the foraging strategy has a genetic basis.
E) none of the above

Question 6

Optimal foraging theory suggests that

A) when search time is long relative to handling time, predators should be generalists.
B) when handling time is long relative to search time, predators should be generalists.
C) new items are added to the diet only if their handling time is larger than average.
D) specialized diets are rare in nature.
E) none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is not a determinant of how long a predator should stay in a patch?

A) the energy gain for the patch
B) the travel time to a new patch
C) the handling time
D) the line tangent to the energy-gain curve
E) none of the above

Question 8

In Holling's study of sawfly predation, he was able to determine the functional response of the predators because

A) each predator had a significant functional response.
B) none of the predators had a numerical response.
C) the numerical and functional responses were equal.
D) the predators opened the pupae in distinctive ways.
E) none of the above

Question 9

In a Type II functional response,

A) at very high prey density consumption is limited by handling time.
B) at low prey density consumption increases because search time is small.
C) as search time increases consumption also increases.
D) as handling time decreases consumption also decreases.
E) none of the above

Question 10

The principle of crypticity states that

A) cryptic prey have large handling times.
B) crypticity applies only to visual predators.
C) prey should appear as a random sample of the background.
D) learning is unimportant in crypticity.
E) none of the above

Question 11

Plant secondary compounds

A) were thought to be biochemical byproducts.
B) render plants toxic or indigestible.
C) include compounds such as lignin and silica.
D) a and b
E) b and c
F) none of the above

Question 12

According to the phytochemical coevolution theory,

A) most herbivorous insects are generalists.
B) plant secondary compounds are universally toxic.
C) plants with novel secondary compounds can diversify into new species.
D) insects cannot adapt to some secondary compounds.
E) none of the above

Question 13

Parasite virulence

A) is selected against.
B) cannot decline.
C) is independent of the mode of transmission.
D) requires multiple infections of the host.
E) none of the above

Question 14

Plants tolerate grazing by

A) changing the pattern of tissue production.
B) reducing all plant growth.
C) decreasing photosynthesis.
D) shifting more resources to roots.
E) none of the above

Question 15

In general plants that employ secondary compounds to deter grazing are

A) more successful than those with compensatory ability.
B) less likely to have high compensatory ability.
C) more likely to have high compensatory ability.
D) less successful than those with compensatory ability.
E) none of the above

Question 16

Species with a large functional response tend to have a small numerical response.

Question 17

King snakes are Mullerian mimics of coral snakes.

Question 18

One advantage of a complex parasite life cycle is that large numbers of infectious forms can be produced.

Question 19

There is a negative correlation between a plant's apparency and chemical protection from grazing.

Question 20

In diverse communities, resistant plant species may protect other plant species.

Question 21

Predator swamping can overwhelm the predator functional response but not the numerical response.

Question 22

In some birds' body size and niche breadth are positively correlated because large birds can consume both large and small prey.

Question 23

The fitness of time maximizers is correlated with the rate of energy acquisition.

Question 24

At high prey density predators should be less specialized.

Question 25

Predators must learn to avoid aposematically colored prey.

Question 26

In __________ one species benefits but the other is unaffected; in __________ both species benefit.

Question 27

__________ predators remain stationary until the prey is detected; __________ predators move through the landscape searching for prey.

Question 28

Predators that maximize the efficiency of energy acquisition are known as __________.

Question 29

How do Mullerian mimics differ from Batesian mimics?

Question 30

Explain how noctuid moths avoid predation by bats.

Question 31

Natural selection is __________ (stronger; weaker) on the prey than the predator.

Question 32

What happens if Batesian mimics become more common than the noxious species they mimic?