Deck 6: Integrity, Secrecy, and Trust

Question 1

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-Whistle-blowers call attention to wrongdoing from within the organization in which they work to highlight abuse that threatens the

A) employer.
B) employees.
C) public.
D) government.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-Like all ___________, whistleblowers confront the conflict between conforming to authority and taking the personal risk of speaking out.

A) dogmatists
B) dissenters
C) managers
D) retaliators

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-Whistle-blowing is seen by superiors as a violation of loyalty and as a(n)

A) exoneration.
B) commendation.
C) accusation.
D) acquittal.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-Which of the following is NOT a cause for whistleblowing?

A) a vague foreboding
B) a concrete risk
C) an immediate threat
D) a specific danger

Question 5

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-A whistleblower should first explore solutions within the organization to minimize the

A) accusation.
B) breach of loyalty.
C) accuracy of the claim.
D) threat to the public.

Question 6

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-According to Bok, whistleblowing should only be considered as a

A) hypothetical case.
B) first response.
C) last resort.
D) publicity stunt.

Question 7

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-Before speaking out. a whistleblower must make sure that the revelations are based on

A) accuracy in dissent.
B) bias in judgment.
C) fairness in accusation.
D) both a and c

Question 8

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-When censorship or fear of retribution silences a public response to whistleblowing, the message can rebound to injure the

A) organization.
B) whistleblower.
C) authorities.
D) shareholders.

Question 9

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-In complex cases, a whistleblower must weigh the benefit to ___________ with the risk of personal harm.

A) one's family
B) one's employer
C) the public
D) oneself.

Question 10

Sissela Bok | Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility
Bok looks at what whistleblowers have in common with each other and what they must consider in making the difficult moral choice to speak out. Whistle-blowing involves dissent, breach of loyalty, and accusation-all of which require accuracy, fairness, and good judgment. A whistleblower must also be careful to compensate for potential bias involving personal gain or revenge.
-A whistleblower must compensate for bias by being aware of the potential for

A) personal gain.
B) the urge to seek revenge.
C) self-defense.
D) all of the above

Question 11

Bok brings up the difficult situation of a whistleblower operating in an environment of authoritarian censorship, in which the message would not reach the public. What happens to the whistleblower in such cases, according to Bok? Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 12

Bok discusses the moral inventory a whistleblower must make before speaking out to prevent a motive of personal bias. What are these considerations, and do you think they are both necessary and sufficient to establish that a whistleblower is bias-free? Why or why not?

Question 13

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-According to the standard theory, whistleblowing is morally required when

A) considerable harm will occur to the public.
B) internal procedures have not been effective.
C) the whistleblower has reasonable and convincing evidence.
D) all of the above

Question 14

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-When all conditions of the standard theory of whistleblowing are met, it is considered "___________ Samaritanism."

A) decent
B) minimally decent
C) Samaritanism
D) good

Question 15

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-According to Davis, the paradox of ___________ for whistleblowers is that it is professionally, financially, and personally costly.

A) burden
B) missing harm
C) moral wrong
D) failure

Question 16

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-The paradox of ___________ for whistleblowers, for Davis, is that what is morally right to report may involve life-or-death consequences.

A) burden
B) missing harm
C) moral wrong
D) failure

Question 17

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-The paradox of ___________, for Davis, shows that the history of whistleblowing virtually rules out the moral justification of whistleblowing.

A) burden
B) missing harm
C) moral wrong
D) failure

Question 18

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-Advantages of a complicity theory over the standard theory of whistleblowing include

A) moral complicity itself presupposes moral wrongdoing.
B) complicity demands more than the ability to prevent harm.
C) emphasizing the prevention of harm over being complicit in the harm.
D) both a and b

Question 19

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-Whereas the standard theory focuses on the ___________, the complicity theory focuses on the whistleblower's own involvement in moral wrongdoing.

A) employer's justification for wrongdoing
B) employee's justification for complicity in wrongdoing
C) prevention of harm
D) obligation of those who are complicit in wrongdoing

Question 20

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-The complicity theory distinguishes the whistleblower from the spy by requiring that what is revealed results from

A) any employee's work for the organization.
B) a whistleblower's own work for the organization.
C) public record.
D) criminal proceedings.

Question 21

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-It is important to the complicity theory that the whistleblower be a ___________ member of the organization that is engaged in serious wrongdoing.

A) voluntary
B) involuntary
C) volunteer
D) long-term

Question 22

Michael Davis | Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing
Davis presents the standard theory of whistleblowing and what constitutes circumstances in which whistleblowing is morally required of an employee. Three paradoxes follow from the standard theory (of burden, of missing harm, of failure), to which Davis responds with a complicity theory that avoids all of them. He uses the example of the Challenger in demonstrating a test of the latter.
-According to Davis, the testimony given by Boisjoly before the Rogers Commission in the Challenger example passes the test of the ___________ theory.

A) whistleblower
B) complicity
C) standard
D) epistemic justification

Question 23

Davis states that whistleblowers "generally do not prevent much harm." Why do you think he says this, and do you agree with him? Why or why not? Cite examples in support of your answer.

Question 24

How does the complicity theory of whistleblowing avoid the three paradoxes Davis presents in his criticism of the standard theory? Do you agree with Davis that his theory improves on the standard understanding of whistleblowing? Why or why not?

Question 25

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-Duska is most interested in elucidating

A) attempts to define whistleblowing more precisely.
B) attempts to see whistleblowing from the employer's point of view.
C) debates about whether and when whistleblowing is permissible.
D) debates about whether and when one has an obligation to blow the whistle.

Question 26

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-According to Duska, companies are not the kind of things that deserve loyalty because they do not have the

A) class status of persons.
B) moral status of persons.
C) political agency of persons.
D) emotional intelligence of persons.

Question 27

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-While Bowie and Bok state that whistleblowing can be overridden by a higher duty to the public good, Duska criticizes them for making ___________ their starting point.

A) disloyalty
B) loyalty
C) obligation
D) prima facie duty

Question 28

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-___________ hold that loyalty is devotion to a cause or abstract entity.

A) Idealists
B) Social atomists
C) Empiricists
D) Utilitarians

Question 29

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-___________ hold that loyalty is an obligation between two persons.

A) Idealists
B) Social atomists
C) Anarchists
D) Dualists

Question 30

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-Since a business or company functions to ___________, according to Duska, it does not have an obligation of loyalty to its workers.

A) provide a service
B) make a profit
C) keep inventories
D) both a and b

Question 31

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-Social atomists, according to Ladd, fail to recognize that groups of individuals

A) are primarily the same.
B) are not all the same.
C) differ by whether they are held together by "ties that bind."
D) both b and c

Question 32

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-To Duska, what binds people together in a business is ___________ to require loyalty.

A) sufficient
B) not sufficient
C) necessary
D) not necessary

Question 33

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-Companies appeal to ___________ motivate employees and make it easier to demand loyalty.

A) auditors
B) efficiency experts
C) teamwork
D) accountants

Question 34

Ronald Duska | Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty
The issue Duska focuses on is when whistleblowing is permissible and why it is in need of justification in the first place. He argues against those who see whistleblowing as an act of disloyalty to a company by saying that corporations are not entities deserving of loyalty in the first place. He discusses how companies use teamwork to foster employee loyalty, which masks the primary goal of making a profit. The issue for Duska is whether a whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of retaliation.
-According to Duska, the important issue is whether the whistleblower has an obligation to ___________ that outweighs the risk of personal retaliation.

A) colleagues
B) society
C) the employer
D) a supervisor

Question 35

Duska states that companies are not entities that can demand loyalty because they do not have the moral status of persons, and that "loyalty depends on ties that demand self-sacrifice with no expectation of reward." Do you agree? Why or why not? Should employees see attempts to foster company loyalty (like teamwork) merely as ways to increase company profit? (Optional: Discuss the fact that corporations can legally operate as persons.)

Question 36

In your opinion, has Duska made his point that the important issue about whistleblowing is not about disloyalty to a company but rather about whether the whistleblower has an obligation to society that outweighs the risk of personal retaliation? Why or why not?

Question 37

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-According to Solomon and Flores, trust means giving up ___________ because some power is transferred to the person who is trusted.

A) understanding
B) integrity
C) control
D) risk

Question 38

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-Solomon and Flores argue that trust is

A) an inert substance.
B) the basic stuff of social interaction.
C) a passive emotion that happens to us.
D) a dynamic aspect of human relationships.

Question 39

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-___________ trust consists in the sense of physical and emotional security.

A) Simple
B) Blind
C) Basic
D) Authentic

Question 40

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-___________ trust is trust reflected upon, its risks and vulnerabilities understood, with distrust held in balance.

A) Simple
B) Blind
C) Basic
D) Authentic

Question 41

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-With ___________ trust, one is always in a position to be surprised.

A) simple
B) blind
C) basic
D) authentic

Question 42

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-According to Solomon and Flores, simple and basic trust may be considered ___________ trust.

A) cognitive
B) intricate
C) inarticulate
D) articulate

Question 43

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-The emotional life of a trusting relationship is ___________ what is involved in signing a contract, according to Solomon and Flores.

A) as complex as
B) less complex than
C) more complex than
D) irrelevant to

Question 44

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-Which of the following is NOT a way that trust is created?

A) dialogue
B) limited or momentary transactions
C) commitments
D) gestures

Question 45

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-Even one lie can ___________ the accumulated trust and good will built up over time.

A) strengthen
B) undermine
C) bolster
D) reinforce

Question 46

Robert C. Solomon and Fernando Flores | Building Trust
Against prior accounts that define trust as an inert "medium" in which human transactions take place, Solomon and Flores argue that trust is rather a dynamic aspect of human relationships. It is a social, relational practice rather than a mysterious substance or entity. The authors distinguish between simple, blind, basic, and authentic trust, concluding with the complexity of interaction needed to build up trust between individuals or businesses, and the powerful damage that even one lie can cause in betrayal.
-A betrayal in business is generally fatal, Solomon and Flores claim, because

A) these associations are voluntary.
B) there are other possibilities for business relationships.
C) these associations are difficult to eliminate.
D) both a and b

Question 47

Do you think Solomon and Flores have made their case for trust as a dynamic and relational aspect of human relationships rather than a static and more abstract concept? Why or why not?

Question 48

Why might a lie be forgiven in one's personal life, while a betrayal in business be absolutely fatal to future negotiation? Compare the role of betrayal in personal and professional life and the kind of damage to trust that it creates in human relationships.

Question 49

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-Integrity, according to McFall, is the state of being

A) incoherent.
B) divided.
C) undivided.
D) unconditional.

Question 50

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-Which of the following is NOT a type of coherence, according to McFall?

A) simple motivation
B) simple consistency
C) coherence between principle and action
D) coherence between principle and motivation

Question 51

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-According to McFall, to have personal integrity, an agent must

A) subscribe to a consistent set of principles.
B) uphold these principles in the face of temptation.
C) act for the right reasons.
D) all of the above

Question 52

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-McFall states that the opposite of integrity is

A) weakness of will.
B) courage.
C) self-deception.
D) both a and c

Question 53

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-Persons of integrity, according to McFall, are willing to bear the consequences of their

A) convictions.
B) misgivings.
C) personal gain.
D) doubts.

Question 54

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-When people are tempted to "sell out," it is usually due to issues of

A) approval.
B) money.
C) status.
D) all of the above

Question 55

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-If resisting temptation would potentially lead to the loss of integrity, it must be to something ___________ enough to risk losing that integrity.

A) minor
B) inconsequential
C) important
D) unimportant

Question 56

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-According to McFall, the "Olaf principle" requires that some commitments be

A) conditional
B) unconditional
C) coherent
D) incoherent

Question 57

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-___________ commitments are those that can be sacrificed without remorse.

A) Defeasible
B) Indefeasible
C) Identity-conferring
D) Unconditional

Question 58

Lynne McFall | Integrity
McFall starts with definitions of coherence and incoherence, the latter leading directly to loss of integrity when personal principles do not align with one's actions or motivations. She discusses the requirements for an agent to act with integrity, distinguishing between defeasible and identity-conferring commitments, the latter providing our most fundamental core values.
-___________ commitments are those that determine our moral identities.

A) Defeasible
B) Indefeasible
C) Identity-conferring
D) Conditional

Question 59

What does McFall mean by "Where there is no possibility of its loss, integrity cannot exist"? Discuss this point in the context of McFall's remarks on the coherence between one's principles and actions or motivations. Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 60

McFall states that we each have a "core," or fundamental, set of principles. Explain what she means by fundamental in this context and how this is related to the Olaf principle. Do you have such a set of core values? If so, what are they and how would you defend them as your most fundamental principles? If not, would you say your values have changed over time? What experiences have influenced these changes in your perspective?

Question 61

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-A personal virtue, such as ___________, concerns having a proper relation to oneself.

A) communication
B) temperance
C) civility
D) self-indulgence

Question 62

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-A social virtue, such as ___________, concerns having the proper relation to others.

A) inner discipline
B) temperance
C) civility
D) self-indulgence

Question 63

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-When integrity is considered to be a ___________, the loss of integrity means that some part of selfhood has been lost.

A) group identity
B) personal virtue
C) social virtue
D) cultural value

Question 64

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-When integrity is considered to be a ___________, it concerns preserving our character and using our best judgment with others.

A) self-identity
B) personal virtue
C) social virtue
D) moral value

Question 65

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-According to Calhoun, integrity means understanding that one's own ___________ serves the common interest of co-deliberators concerning what is worth doing.

A) judgment
B) success
C) civility
D) temperance

Question 66

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-Lying or concealing one's views indicate a ___________ to regard one's own judgment as one that matters to others.

A) consensus
B) choice
C) failure
D) successful effort

Question 67

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-For Calhoun, the question "What is worth doing?" cannot be merely personal because one's answer

A) affects everyone's character.
B) affects others deliberating this question.
C) is relevant to one's judgment.
D) is irrelevant to one's judgment.

Question 68

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-The fact that hypocrites lack integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood in the context of how they

A) pretend commitment to their own ideals.
B) undermine their own ability to be deceptive.
C) deliberately mislead us or others.
D) sustain pretense about their own identities.

Question 69

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-According to Calhoun, the shame of personal failure is that others will perceive our

A) sincerity.
B) lack of integrity.
C) courage.
D) deliberation.

Question 70

Cheshire Calhoun | Standing for Something
Calhoun presents the differences between personal and social virtues as well as those that are both. Integrity, according to Calhoun, is best understood as a social virtue, since much that is relevant to integrity cannot be explained merely from a personal point of view. She explains why hypocrisy, the shame of failure, and our support of the courageous are all best understood within the context of our relation to others in society.
-The reason we care that ___________ withstand adversity to stand by their convictions is because integrity is a social as well as personal virtue.

A) hypocrites
B) co-deliberators
C) the courageous
D) pretenders

Question 71

Calhoun states that lying or concealing one's views from others indicates not only a lack of integrity but a failure to regard one's views as important to others. Do you agree? Why or why not? In your answer, discuss how having a positive or negative view of one's own judgment can affect social interaction.

Question 72

Analyses of integrity as a personal virtue, according to Calhoun, do not capture why we charge hypocrites with a lack of integrity. How does she propose analyzing hypocrites such that their lack of integrity is rightfully exposed? Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 73

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-The standard conception of legal virtue obliges lawyers to provide ___________ for their clients within the adversary system.

A) social justice
B) zealous advocacy
C) practical judgment
D) give-and-take deliberation

Question 74

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-Criticism of the standard conception of legal virtue includes the fact that it

A) loses sight of social justice aims.
B) leads to difficulty in defining wrongdoing on part of the lawyer.
C) promotes lazy or incompetent representation.
D) both a and b

Question 75

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-The ___________ conception of legal virtue views as virtuous only those acts required by the legal pursuit of social justice.

A) justice
B) standard
C) character
D) deliberative

Question 76

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-Criticism of the justice conception of legal virtue includes the fact that it

A) promotes lazy or incompetent representation.
B) loses sight of social justice aims.
C) emphasizes the lawyer's pursuit of justice over the client's needs and goals.
D) both a and c

Question 77

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-The ___________ tradition of law is depicted by lawyers using their authority and expertise to pursue the understanding of social justice they think best.

A) prima facie
B) continental
C) noblesse oblige
D) virtuous

Question 78

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-When lawyers deliberate carefully with clients about strategies and legal options, they are respecting the

A) principle of charity.
B) principle of utility.
C) paternalism principle.
D) principle of informed consent.

Question 79

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-According to the character conception of legal virtue, living a good life in the law means living primarily by

A) practical judgment.
B) client advocacy.
C) the pursuit of social justice.
D) deliberative interaction with clients.

Question 80

Amy Gutmann | Can Virtue Be Taught to Lawyers?
Gutmann asks first what constitutes legal virtue and follows with discussions of the standard conception ("zealous advocacy"), the justice conception (social justice), and the character conception (practical judgment). All three are incomplete, according to Gutmann, lacking an emphasis on the importance of the deliberative virtues. These provide for a robust give-and-take between lawyer and client, such that the lawyer understands the client's goals, can inform the client of strategic legal options, and work together to arrive at a solution within or outside the adversary system.
-According to Gutmann, the exercise of practical judgment by lawyers requires

A) deliberation with clients.
B) mutual interchange of relevant information.
C) understanding clients' goals.
D) all of the above