Deck 15: Disorders of Childhood

Question 1

Children who engage in repetitive movements that are not better accounted for by a physical disorder or another mental disorder are diagnoses with motor disorder.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

IQ scores are one piece of the diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most adolescents who commit suicide had previously received psychological treatment.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Most of the behaviours exhibited in conduct disorder are illegal.

Question 5

Once an adolescent or adult no longer meets diagnostic criteria for ADHD, he or she may still experience psychosocial impairments.

Question 6

The best treatment for ADHD is Ritalin.

Question 7

Most cases of stuttering resolve by the age of 8.

Question 8

A new diagnosis in DSM-5 is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, also known as "the temper tantrum disorder."

Question 9

Medication can be effective in curing children of learning disabilities.

Question 10

It is easier to prevent conduct disorder than to treat it.

Question 11

Learning disabilities are diagnosed in DSM-5.

Question 12

About 1/3 of cases of intellectual disability disorder have unknown etiology.

Question 13

Applied behaviour analysis is a successful component of treatment for people with intellectual disability disorder.

Question 14

Most people with mental retardation are classified as moderately mentally retarded.

Question 15

A diagnosis of specific learning disorder can refer to dyslexia or mathematics disorder.

Question 16

More cases of intellectual disability disorder are caused by PKU than Down Syndrome.

Question 17

Oppositional defiant disorder is a necessary precursor to conduct disorder.

Question 18

Learning disabilities seem to have a biological basis.

Question 19

DSM-5 shifted away from the term intellectual disability disorder and uses the term mental retardation.

Question 20

The inattentive behaviours of ADHD are usually the first ones noticed.

Question 21

Autism is caused by distant, uncaring parenting.

Question 22

Approximately _________ Canadian children between the ages of 4 and 17 years have clinically important psychological disorders

A) 400 000
B) 800 000
C) 1 200 000
D) 1 600 000

Question 23

________________ is/are the leading health problem(s) that Canadian children face after infancy.

A) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Conduct disorder
C) Learning disorders
D) Mental health problems in general

Question 24

Disorders that affect children:

A) Often carry over into adulthood
B) Are typically short-lived
C) Do not have long-lasting consequences
D) Are the most devastating mental illnesses

Question 25

Copeland et al. (2009) revealed that _____ adults who receive a psychiatric diagnosis first met diagnostic criteria for a disorder during childhood or adolescence.

A) less than 20%
B) less than 25%
C) less than 30%
D) most

Question 26

Applied behaviour analysis is the best treatment for autism.

Question 27

Kutcher et al. (2010) remarked that, in Canada, mental health services for children are:

A) Adequate
B) Well coordinated
C) Inadequate
D) Almost non-existent

Question 28

Abnormal behaviour in children:

A) Is based upon destructiveness at any given age.
B) Is developmentally determined; that is, normal behaviour at one age is abnormal at another.
C) Can be reliably determined across age groups.
D) Is typically associated with undercontrolled behaviour.

Question 29

The number of youth who experience mental health challenges are likely:

A) Over reported
B) Underreported
C) Accurately reported
D) Unknown - there are few reliable statistics for children's mental health

Question 30

Twin studies support a genetic basis for autism.

Question 31

Cognitive-behavioural therapy is the treatment of choice for children with anxiety disorders.

Question 32

Separation anxiety disorder can be diagnosed at any age.

Question 33

Antipsychotic medications are used to treat all the various symptoms of autism.

Question 34

How many Canadian children have clinically important disorders?

A) About 250,000
B) About 500,000
C) About 750,000
D) More than 800,000

Question 35

Asperger's syndrome has been found to be a distinctly different disorder than autism.

Question 36

Normal childhood fears (e.g., fear of the dark) is diagnosed as an anxiety disorder if the child recognizes the fear as unreasonable.

Question 37

A proposal by Child and Youth Advisory Committee of the Mental Health Commission of Canada to establish a national mental health framework specific to children and youth suggested the following EXCEPT:

A) Assisting provinces and territories in creating or modifying their child and youth mental health strategies, policies, and plans.
B) Raise public awareness to the importance of addressing issues related to children and youth mental health.
C) Serving as a reference point or resource for people interested in child and youth mental health.
D) Assisting adult national organizations as they address child and youth mental health domains under their responsibilities.

Question 38

In DSM-5, several pervasive developmental disorders all fall under the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

Question 39

According to recent statistics, which of the following mental health disorders is most prevalent among Canadian children?

A) Mood disorders
B) Autism
C) Anxiety disorders
D) Communication disorders

Question 40

Infants with a difficult temperament at five months are at risk of developing anxiety and depression early in childhood.

Question 41

What findings have led Dalhousie researchers to postulate an illusory bias in children with ADHD?

A) ADHD boys had more positive self-evaluations of their social interactions than control participants.
B) ADHD boys had more negative evaluations of themselves in their social interactions with same age peers.
C) ADHD boys perceived control participants to be socially unskilled compared to themselves.
D) ADHD boys perceived control participants to be uninteresting.

Question 42

In the initial report "Growing Up in Canada", which is based on results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, the following was found EXCEPT:

A) Low birth weight is associated with a number of childhood health issues
B) Immigrant children have poorer adjustment than children born in Canada
C) Children with emotional and/or behavioural problems tend to have multiple problems
D) Single-mother families is related to increased physical aggression on the part of the child

Question 43

New research on depression in mothers by Elgar and associates (2003) at Dalhousie University found that:

A) Mothers had only a small influence on their children
B) Mothers had a strong, unidirectional impact on their children
C) Mothers and children had a strong, mutual influence on each other
D) Maternal anger is unrelated to the child's overactive, impulsive behaviour

Question 44

Current research on the bi-directional impact that depressed mothers and their children have on each other has been interpreted by Elgar, McGrath, and associates (2003) according to:

A) A family systems model
B) A biopsychosocial model
C) A diathesis-stress model
D) None of the above

Question 45

Both attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder are ______

A) new to DSM-IV.
B) even more of a problem to the individual child than to people who interact with him or her.
C) disorders of overcontrol.
D) disorders of undercontrol.

Question 46

A study in Quebec found that children who are diagnosed with both CD and ADHD are at increased risk for which of the following disorders?

A) Depression
B) Drug abuse
C) Anxiety disorder
D) Antisocial personality disorder

Question 47

Children labelled "hyperactive" would be diagnosed as having _________________ in DSM-5.

A) conduct disorder
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) pervasive developmental disorder

Question 48

What has McGill researcher and professor emeritus Virginia Douglas found about the arousal levels of children with ADHD?

A) Children with ADHD, compared to normal children, are overaroused by almost every task they encounter.
B) Children with ADHD are overaroused by stimulating tasks and underaroused by boring tasks.
C) Children with ADHD are underaroused by stimulating tasks and overaroused by everyday mundane tasks that capture their attention.
D) Only children with primarily attentional difficulties experience differential arousal as compared with normal children.

Question 49

Children with problems of undercontrol are most likely to come to therapy:

A) When their teachers raise concerns about their academic deficits.
B) When they are ready to stop bed-wetting.
C) To relieve their distress.
D) At the request of their distressed parents.

Question 50

Simon lives with his mother in low-income housing. She works when she can, but often they rely on food banks and even with that, it's rare for Simon to eat three meals a day. As Simon becomes an adolescent, what should his mother be watching for?

A) Theft
B) Conduct disorder
C) Binge eating disorder
D) Suicidal thoughts

Question 51

It has been suggested by Casey and colleagues (1996) that approximately 15 - 30% of children with ADHD have a comorbid ______________.

A) mood disorder
B) anxiety disorder
C) learning disability
D) motor skills disorder

Question 52

What have Pepler and Sedighdeilami (1998) reported about the problems of aggressive girls?

A) Their problems are very similar to the problems experienced by aggressive boys.
B) They have less academic problems than aggressive boys.
C) They have more interpersonal problems than aggressive boys.
D) Aggressive girls differ significantly from aggressive boys.

Question 53

In a study of immigrant children, Beiser, Hou, Hyman, and Tousignant (1998) found which of the following?

A) Children born in Canada had less hyperactivity.
B) Children who immigrated to Canada had more emotional disorders.
C) Children who immigrated were better adjusted than Canadian born children.
D) Children born in Canada had lower prevalence of conduct disorders.

Question 54

According to the Growing up in Canada report, children with difficult temperaments have parents characterized by:

A) Economic advantage
B) Greater hostility
C) Traditional parenting styles
D) Permissive parenting styles

Question 55

Which theorist is credited with the idea that poor self-regulation is the primary deficit in ADHD?

A) Bettelheim
B) Feingold
C) Hinshaw
D) Douglas

Question 56

Which of the following researchers is known for his/her pioneering contributions in highlighting the attention deficits in hyperactive children?

A) Richard Tremblay
B) Virginia Douglas
C) David (Dan) Offord
D) Ivar Lovaas

Question 57

How did Canadian researcher Virginia Douglas first revolutionize the study and understanding of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

A) She was the first to suggest the use of Ritalin.
B) She was the first to draw attention to the phenomenon of hyperactivity.
C) She was the first to note problems with sustained attention.
D) All of the above

Question 58

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) poor academic work.
B) shyness.
C) difficulty getting along with peers.
D) distractibility.

Question 59

According to research by Pires and Jenkins (2007), which of the following strongly predicted initial drug use by adolescents?

A) Deviant peer affiliations
B) High levels of anxiety
C) Parental warmth
D) High levels of aggression

Question 60

You witness a child in the grocery store kicking and screaming because his mother won't buy him candy. Which of the following DSM-5 disorders would apply to the child?

A) Conduct disorder
B) Oppositional defiant disorder
C) It depends on the mother's response; if she gives in, the behaviour is probably not a disorder, but the result of poor parenting strategies.
D) It depends on the child's age.

Question 61

If you knew that a child on a playground had ADHD, but you did not know which one, you:

A) Would be able to immediately pick that child out.
B) Only identify that child after an outburst.
C) Have difficulty distinguishing the child from all the others.
D) Would observe a child playing alone, away from the group.

Question 62

The association between nicotine and ADHD is:

A) Children's smoking can cause attentional problems.
B) Maternal smoking is related hyperactivity in offspring.
C) Nicotine in pill form reduces the side effects of Ritalin.
D) The combination of Ritalin and nicotine has been shown to cause dangerous synergistic effects in adults with ADHD.

Question 63

A problem facing ADHD researchers is that:

A) Reliance on small sample sizes as ADHD is quite rare.
B) Diagnosis of ADHD is confounded with that of conduct disorder in many children.
C) The follow-up periods are too short.
D) ADHD children often will not comply with research activities.

Question 64

The difference between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHd) and simply being a "rambunctious kid" is that ADHD children

A) within each age group, show more extreme behaviour.
B) have subtle brain damage.
C) also have academic problems.
D) are truant.

Question 65

What did a study conducted in Toronto by Rucklidge and Kaplan determine about the functioning of adults who had a history of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

A) Although symptoms were still present, the adults had learned to adapt to them.
B) Experiencing career success was the factor that led to improved adult functioning.
C) Most adults still had social impairments and other disturbances.
D) Adult usually went on to develop comorbid Axis I disorders.

Question 66

The genetic factors that are inherited by children with ADHD are not totally known but are believed to reflect:

A) Brain function and structure.
B) Neurotransmitter function and specificity.
C) Appetitive and metabolic functions.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 67

Investigations of the causes of ADHD have found that environmental toxins, such as food additives and lead:

A) Do not explain more than a small percentage of cases.
B) Are usually the cause of the disorder in those children with an organic basis to their ADHD.
C) Are more likely to cause attentional problems without hyperactivity, but not in those children with both attentional problems and hyperactivity.
D) Cause subtle attentional problems, but not to the degree of ADHD.

Question 68

Conduct disorder (Cd) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHd) can be differentiated in the following way:

A) CD is associated more with off-task behaviour in school
B) ADHD is associated more with better cognition and achievements
C) CD has a worse long-term prognosis
D) ADHD is associated more with acting out in school and elsewhere

Question 69

Several Canadian studies have shown that children with a diagnosis of ________ and ________ are highly likely to progress to adult psychopathic patterns of antisocial personality disorder.

A) ADHD; expressive language disorder
B) conduct disorder; oppositional defiant disorder
C) ADHD; conduct disorder
D) oppositional defiant disorder; expressive language disorder

Question 70

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was previously known as:

A) Hyperkinetic reaction of childhood
B) Inattentive disorder of childhood
C) Attention-seeking disorder
D) Severe brain dysfunction

Question 71

Breslau et al. (2009) reported that increases in teacher-rated attention problems at ages 6 to 11 were followed by what type(s) of problems at ages 11 to 17?

A) Declines in academic achievement in math and reading
B) Declines in reading and social skills
C) No changes in reading and social skills
D) No changes in academic achievement in math and reading

Question 72

The worst prognosis is for those children who have:

A) Only ADHD
B) Only conduct disorder
C) Both ADHD and conduct disorder
D) Children with none of the above have an equally poor prognosis

Question 73

In comparing girls and boys with ADHD, Canadian researchers have shown that:

A) Girls have greater impairment on a variety of measures
B) Girls have more issues with hyperactivity
C) Boys have more issues with inattention
D) No difference were found between girls and boys with ADHD

Question 74

According to Canadian Virginia Douglas, the primary deficit in ADHD is:

A) Poor verbal skills
B) Poor executive functioning skills
C) Poor theory of mind skills
D) Poor self-regulation skills

Question 75

The brains of children with ADHD differ from normal children in that ADHD brains have:

A) Excessive dopamine activity in ADHD children.
B) Subtle seizure activity in the temporal lobes of ADHD children
C) Delays in cortical maturation .
D) None of the above; no differences have been found.

Question 76

Cognitive misattributions, such as assuming that a neutral action by a peer was really meant to be aggressive, is common to individuals with ADHD; however, similar misattributions are found in some children with ________________ .

A) anxiety disorders
B) mood disorders
C) conduct disorder
D) elimination disorders

Question 77

When children with ADHD reach adolescence:

A) Their ADHD symptoms typically remit.
B) Other psychiatric disturbance is more prominent that the ADHD.
C) The severity reduces, but they continue to meet criteria for the disorder.
D) Their academic performance is greatly improved.

Question 78

Eight-year-old Hank is extremely active and very distractible. He has particular difficulty in school, as he does not comply with the teacher's directions and has a hard time concentrating. When Hank reaches adolescence, he will probably:

A) Be in jail or juvenile hall.
B) Exhibit the same behaviours that he exhibits now.
C) Be less active but continue to have difficulty in school.
D) Outgrow his problem.

Question 79

Epidemiological studies of boys and girls in clinical samples indicate that ADHD:

A) Is about equally common in boys and girls.
B) Is more common in boys.
C) Is more common in girls.
D) Is more common in girls with conduct disorder but in boys with oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 80

Although most people with childhood ADHD no longer meet criteria for ADHD by the age of 30 or 40, about _____ will experience ongoing psychological impairment (Gerlach, 2009).

A) 25%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 60%