Question 1

According to Hobbes, we are at war when&#10;A) armies clash.&#10;B) the will to go to battle is sufficiently known.&#10;C) we engage in battle.&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Hobbes believed that war exists not only in actual fighting but also in the known intention or will to fight, even if no physical battle has occurred yet.

Question 2

Hobbes notes that human beings are roughly equal in&#10;A) strength of body.&#10;B) faculties of mind.&#10;C) hope of attaining their ends.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Hobbes argues that humans are roughly equal in both physical strength and mental faculties, which leads to a competition for resources and power. This equality in strength and intellect means that everyone has a similar hope of achieving their goals, leading to conflict and competition, as outlined in his work on political philosophy, particularly in "Leviathan."

Question 3

Which of the following does Hobbes cite as a principal cause of enmity between people?&#10;A) Competition&#10;B) Glory&#10;C) Diffidence&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Hobbes argues that competition, glory, and diffidence (or mistrust) are principal causes of conflict and enmity among people, as outlined in his work "Leviathan." These factors drive individuals to seek power, prestige, and security, often at the expense of others.

Question 4

Hobbes takes the natural state of human relations to be&#10;A) war.&#10;B) friendship.&#10;C) justice.&#10;D) peace.

Accepted Answer

Hobbes famously argued that the natural state of human relations is one of war, where every person is against every other, as outlined in his seminal work, "Leviathan." This state of constant conflict is what Hobbes believed necessitated the establishment of a strong, centralized authority to maintain peace and order.

Question 5

Hobbes claims that the two cardinal virtues during war are&#10;A) force and fraud.&#10;B) courage and honor.&#10;C) justice and honesty.&#10;D) selfishness and vengefulness.

Accepted Answer

Hobbes, in his work "Leviathan," argues that in the state of nature, which is a state of war, the two cardinal virtues are force and fraud, as individuals strive to preserve their own lives by any means necessary.

Question 6

Which of the following passions inclines people toward peace, according to Hobbes?&#10;A) Love&#10;B) Fear&#10;C) Pride&#10;D) Guilt

Accepted Answer

According to Thomas Hobbes, fear is the passion that inclines people toward peace. He believed that the fear of death and the desire for self-preservation are powerful motivators for individuals to seek peace and adhere to social contracts.

Question 7

The first two laws of nature expounded by Hobbes do not include&#10;A) Take up arms against unjust authority.&#10;B) Defend oneself by any means necessary.&#10;C) Be willing, when others are too, to surrender one's right to all things.&#10;D) Seek peace.

Accepted Answer

Hobbes' first two laws of nature, as outlined in his work "Leviathan," advocate for seeking peace (as a means to self-preservation) and being willing to surrender one's rights to everything, insofar as others are willing to do the same, to ensure that peace. The idea of taking up arms against unjust authority is not part of these initial laws; instead, Hobbes emphasizes the importance of social contracts and the relinquishment of certain freedoms to a sovereign for the sake of order and protection.

Question 8

Hobbes takes justice to consist in&#10;A) respecting the natural rights of others.&#10;B) acting according to reason.&#10;C) obeying divine commandments.&#10;D) keeping valid covenants.

Accepted Answer

Hobbes believes that justice consists in keeping valid covenants, as he argues that the social contract forms the basis of society and moral obligations.

Question 9

Hobbes argues that, in a condition of war, everyone has a right to&#10;A) only what morality permits.&#10;B) everything, including the lives and possessions of all others.&#10;C) whatever they can bargain for in voluntary negotiations.&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Hobbes argues that in a state of nature, which is a condition of war of every man against every man, there are no moral limits on what one can do to preserve one's own life. This includes the right to all things, even to the lives and possessions of others.

Question 10

According to Hobbes, the right of nature is&#10;A) an entitlement to the fruits of one's labors.&#10;B) a claim not to be harmed by others.&#10;C) the right of the king to rule his subjects.&#10;D) the liberty to use one's powers to preserve one's life.

Accepted Answer

Hobbes defines the right of nature (jus naturale) as the liberty each man has to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own nature; that is, of his own life. This concept is central to Hobbes's view of the natural condition of mankind and the need for social contracts and sovereign power to maintain peace and security.

Question 11

Hobbes claims that humans are naturally equal in body but not in mind.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Hobbes believes that all acts of conquest are motivated by the desire for security.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Hobbes considers the natural passions of human beings to be sinful.

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Question 14

Hobbes believes that the laws of morality apply during both war and peacetime.

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Question 15

Human beings, on Hobbes's account, have a natural right to do whatever they think prudent to preserve their own lives

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Question 16

Hobbes takes &#34;right&#34; and &#34;law&#34; to be synonymous.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Hobbes thinks we should be willing to content ourselves with only so much liberty against others as we would allow them to have against us.

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Question 18

In the absence of government to enforce laws, nothing can be considered unjust.

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Question 19

According to Hobbes, peace is the expected consequence of the &#34;equality of ability&#34; prevailing upon human beings in their natural state.

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Question 20

What does Hobbes mean by the &#34;war of every man against every man&#34;? Is it possible to escape this condition? If so, how?

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Question 21

What is Hobbes's conception of human nature? Given this account of human nature, what does he think life would be like in the absence of government? Do you agree with him about this? Why or why not?

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Question 22

Do you think everyone has a natural right to all things? Why or why not? What does Hobbes say about this?

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Deck 19: The Social Contract Thomas Hobbes