Deck 14: The Digestive System

Question 1

Which secretions are increased by chewing?

A) salivary secretion
B) gastric secretion
C) intestinal hormones
D) both salivary and gastric secretions

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which statement regarding control of digestive processes is INCORRECT?

A) Short reflexes influence motility and secretion in localized areas.
B) All elements of the short reflexes are contained within the digestive organ's wall.
C) Hormones play a role.
D) Osmoreceptors monitor the acidity of the luminal contents.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Proteins are primarily digested to and absorbed as _______________

A) amino acids
B) cellulose
C) fatty acids and glycerol
D) monosaccharides

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which statement about mixing movements is correct?

A) They promote digestion by mixing food with digestive juices.
B) They facilitate absorption by exposing luminal contents to absorptive surfaces.
C) They take place only in the stomach.
D) They promote digestion by mixing food with digestive juices and facilitate absorption by exposing luminal contents to absorptive surfaces.

Question 5

What are carbohydrates absorbed as?

A) polysaccharides
B) disaccharides
C) monosaccharides
D) amino acids

Question 6

Which statement concerning the serosa is correct?

A) It is the abdominal cavity containing the stomach.
B) It is the blood supply to the stomach.
C) It is the inner lining of the digestive tract.
D) It is the outer connective tissue covering of the digestive tract.

Question 7

Which statement of the Digestion of polysaccharides is not true?

A) It is accomplished using enzymes.
B) It utilizes hydrolysis.
C) It utilizes dehydration.

Question 8

What is the digested product of milk sugar?

A) glucose and fructose
B) glucose and galactose
C) sucrose and glucose
D) maltose

Question 9

Which one of the following is NOT included in gastric secretions?

A) enzymes
B) Bile
C) mucus

Question 10

What is the primary absorptive organ of the digestive system?

A) salivary glands
B) oral cavity
C) stomach
D) small intestine

Question 11

Which statement concerning the BER is correct?

A) It is a basic eating reflex that ensures that food is moved along the digestive tract at an appropriate rate.
B) It is a basic electrical rhythm consisting of spontaneous, rhythmic, wavelike fluctuations in membrane potential.
C) It is a basic emptying reflex, which governs the rate of gastric emptying.
D) It is a bowel evacuation reflex, or defecation reflex.

Question 12

Which tissue layer provides for primary digestive motility?

A) mucosa
B) submucosa
C) muscularis mucosae
D) muscularis externa
E) mesentery

Question 13

About 9,500 ml of fluid is absorbed from the digestive tract daily.What is the ultimate source of most of this fluid?

A) food and fluid ingested during meals
B) stored within secretory cells of the digestive tract
C) the plasma
D) the accessory digestive organs

Question 14

Which statement concerning the intrinsic plexuses is INCORRECT?

A) The myenteric plexus is located in the submucosa.
B) The plexuses innervate smooth muscle cells and exocrine and endocrine gland cells.
C) The plexuses are influenced by extrinsic nerves.
D) The plexuses coordinate local digestive tract activity.

Question 15

Which organ is NOT a digestive tract organ?

A) esophagus
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) small intestine

Question 16

Fats are digested to _______________

A) amino acids
B) cellulose
C) fatty acids and glycerol
D) fructose

Question 17

Which statement concerning parasympathetic innervation of the digestive tract is INCORRECT?

A) In general, parasympathetic stimulation is excitatory to the digestive system.
B) Parasympathetic innervation to the digestive tract comes primarily through the vagus nerve.
C) Parasympathetic innervation is part of the extrinsic nerve supply to the digestive tract.
D) Parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands produces a saliva rich in mucus.

Question 18

Which statement concerning digestive motility is INCORRECT?

A) It is accomplished by smooth muscle contractions.
B) It is accomplished by smooth and voluntary muscle contractions.
C) It may be propulsive in nature.

Question 19

Which statement concerning the enteric nervous system is correct?

A) It includes the myenteric plexes.
B) It includes the submucosal plexes.
C) It includes vagal nerve efferents.
D) It includes both myenteric and submucosal plexes.

Question 20

Which statement concerning the intrinsic nerve plexuses is correct?

A) They produce spontaneous depolarization of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
B) They are located in the mucosa.
C) They coordinate local activity in the digestive tract.
D) They are located in the brain stem.

Question 21

What does chewing accomplish?

A) grinding and breaking up food
B) mixing food with saliva to facilitate swallowing
C) reflexively increasing intestinal hormones
D) grinding up food and mixing with saliva to facilitate swallowing

Question 22

Why is the pharyngoesophageal sphincter normally closed?

A) to prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing
B) to prevent gastric contents from refluxing back into the esophagus
C) to prevent vomiting
D) to prevent esophageal secretions from leaking into the stomach

Question 23

Which statement concerning swallowing is Not true?

A) It includes the movement of the bolus from the mouth to the stomach.
B) It includes only the movement of the bolus from the mouth to the esophagus.
C) It is a sequentially programmed, multiple response, all-or-none reflex.

Question 24

Which statement concerning the salivary secretion is correct?

A) It is entirely under neural control (i.e., there is no hormonal control of salivary secretion).
B) It is a passive secretion.
C) It is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system.
D) It secretes hormones.

Question 25

Which factor is the most potent stimulus for inhibition of gastric motility?

A) fat in the duodenum
B) acid in the duodenum
C) acid in the stomach
D) distention of the stomach

Question 26

What is the major chemical digestive activity occurring in the stomach?

A) digestion of starch
B) digestion of protein
C) digestion of fat
D) absorption of monosaccharides

Question 27

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

A) between the esophagus and stomach
B) between the oral cavity and esophagus
C) between the large intestine and rectum
D) between the stomach and small intestine

Question 28

Which statement is entirely under nervous control and has no hormonal regulatory component?

A) salivary secretion
B) gastric secretion
C) pancreatic secretion
D) liver secretion

Question 29

What prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

A) elevation of the uvula
B) contraction of the pharyngeal muscles
C) positioning of the tongue
D) tight apposition of the vocal cords over the glottis

Question 30

If peristalsis in the esophagus is insufficient to carry an especially large bolus of food through the esophagus to the stomach,what happens to dislodge this trapped food?

A) A secondary peristaltic wave is initiated by the swallowing centre.
B) A secondary peristaltic wave is initiated by distention of the esophagus, mediated by the intrinsic nerve plexuses.
C) The food remains in the esophagus until the swallowing mechanism is voluntarily initiated once again.
D) Increased esophageal mucus secretion occurs to lubricate the stuck bolus so that it can slide to the stomach.

Question 31

What is NOT a function of saliva?

A) It facilitates swallowing.
B) It serves as a solvent for molecules that stimulate taste buds.
C) It dissolves glucose to facilitate its absorption by the oral mucosa.
D) It has antibacterial action.

Question 32

Receptive relaxation refers to relaxation of the __________________

A) pharyngoesophageal sphincter during swallowing
B) pyloric sphincter when the duodenum is prepared to receive the chyme
C) external anal sphincter when the individual is receptive to the defecation reflex
D) stomach as it starts to fill, thereby allowing an increase in volume with very little increase in pressure

Question 33

Why is the gastroesophageal sphincter normally closed?

A) to prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing
B) to prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus
C) to prevent vomiting
D) to prevent esophageal secretions leaking into the stomach

Question 34

Where is the swallowing centre located?

A) cerebral cortex
B) Medulla
C) hypothalamus
D) Throat

Question 35

What prevents food from entering the nasal passages during swallowing?

A) elevation of the uvula
B) contraction of the pharyngeal muscles
C) positioning of the tongue
D) tight apposition of the vocal cords over the glottis

Question 36

Which statement concerning gastric mixing is NOT true?

A) It occurs primarily in the body of the stomach.
B) It occurs as a result of the stomach's contents being tumbled back and forth in the antrum because of vigorous peristaltic contractions.
C) It mixes the food with gastric secretions to convert it to a finely divided liquid form known as chyme.

Question 37

During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing,how is food prevented from entering the other openings that communicate with the pharynx?

A) elevation of the uvula, which lodges against the back of the throat
B) closure of the nasopharyngeal sphincter
C) the epiglottis blocking the opening between the vocal cords
D) elevation of the larynx and closure of the vocal folds across the laryngeal opening

Question 38

Which statement concerning the process of salivation is INCORRECT?

A) Salivation is entirely under neural control.
B) Parasympathetic stimulation and sympathetic stimulation both increase salivary secretion.
C) The acquired salivary reflex occurs upon stimulation of chemoreceptors and/or pressure receptors in the mouth.
D) Parasympathetic stimulation produces a watery saliva rich in enzymes.

Question 39

What is NOT a component of saliva?

A) amylase
B) mucus
C) pepsin
D) lysozyme

Question 40

Which factor will NOT influence the rate at which a meal will empty from the stomach?

A) fat in the duodenum
B) acid in the duodenum
C) caffeine in the duodenum
D) hypertonicity of the duodenal contents

Question 41

Which hormones act in the small intestine?

A) secretin and cholecystokinin
B) secretin and gastrin
C) cholecystokinin and gastrin
D) gastrin

Question 42

What is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa?

A) bicarbonate ions
B) HCl
C) pepsinogen
D) sucrase

Question 43

What does NOT slow gastric activities?

A) enterogastric reflex
B) enterogastrones
C) secretin
D) gastrin

Question 44

Which statement is NOT true for peristaltic antral contractions?

A) They occur at a rate of 10/min.
B) They are responsible for emptying food into the duodenum.
C) They are responsible for mixing food and gastric enzymes within the antrum.

Question 45

What does the pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum secrete?

A) Histamine
B) Gastrin
C) intrinsic factor
D) somatostatin

Question 46

Which statement concerning the stomach acid is INCORRECT?

A) It is neutralized in the duodenum.
B) It is neutralized with bicarbonate.
C) It is neutralized by solutions secreted by the G cells.

Question 47

What happens after pepsinogen is activated?

A) It autocatalytically activates more pepsinogen.
B) It activates the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in the duodenal lumen after gastric emptying has occurred.
C) It inhibits the pyloric gland area in a negative-feedback fashion.
D) It inhibits the secretion of HCL.

Question 48

Which statement concerning HCl secretion by the stomach is INCORRECT?

A) HCl inactivates salivary amylase and the pancreatic enzymes.
B) HCl activates pepsinogen.
C) HCI establishes a high pH in the stomach.

Question 49

What is NOT secreted by the stomach in response to parasympathetic (acetylcholine)stimulation?

A) pepsinogen
B) HCl
C) gastrin
D) histamine

Question 50

Which statement regarding gastric motility and emptying is INCORRECT?

A) Increased fluidity allows more rapid emptying.
B) Presence of acid and fat in the stomach initiates the enterogastric reflex.
C) Increased gastric volume stimulates motility.
D) Vagal activity stimulates motility.

Question 51

As food leaves the stomach,gastric secretion is reduced.Which factor does NOT contribute to this reduction?

A) fat in the duodenum
B) low gastric pH
C) distention of the duodenum
D) pepsinogen in the duodenum

Question 52

What does NOT happen during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A) Thinking about, seeing, smelling, and chewing food reflexively increases gastric secretion.
B) Vagal stimulation of the gastric glands occurs.
C) Secretin is released.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum ?

A) secretes gastrin.
B) is inhibited when gastric pH falls too low.
C) is stimulated by the presence of glucose.
D) it inhibits the section of the HCL.

Question 54

Which statement concerning the intrinsic factor is correct?

A) It is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach.
B) It is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12.
C) It is abundant in pernicious anemia.
D) It is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach and necessary for absorption of vitamin B12.

Question 55

When does pernicious anemia NOT occur?

A) when the stomach has been removed
B) when the colon has been removed
C) when there is a deficiency of intrinsic factor

Question 56

Which statement concerning alcohol is NOT true?

A) It stimulates gastric secretion.
B) It can be absorbed more rapidly from the small intestine than from the stomach.
C) It inhibits gastric emptying through the enterogastric reflex.

Question 57

Which of the following is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa?

A) HCl
B) pepsinogen
C) both HCl and pepsinogen
D) both HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 58

What does bile act on?

A) distention of the stomach
B) gastrin
C) carbohydrate in the stomach
D) fat in the duodenum

Question 59

Which breakfast would remain in the stomach the longest?

A) toast, orange juice, and coffee
B) black coffee
C) fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns
D) bowl of cereal with skim milk

Question 60

What is a precursor to an enzyme that functions in the stomach?

A) Pepsinogen
B) HCl
C) intrinsic factor
D) Gastrin

Question 61

Which is the most potent choleretic?

A) vagal stimulation
B) bile salts
C) CCK
D) secretin

Question 62

Which statement about pancreatic enzymes is INCORRECT?

A) Trypsinogen is secreted in an inactive form.
B) Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrate.
C) Pancreatic lipase is responsible for triglyceride digestion.
D) Except for trypsinogen, other proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form.

Question 63

Which substance is absorbed by the stomach?

A) glucose
B) caffeine
C) aspirin
D) amino acids

Question 64

Why is the intestinal hormone secretin released by endocrine cells in the duodenal mucosa?

A) in response to distention of the stomach
B) in response to carbohydrate in the duodenum
C) in response to acid in the duodenum
D) in response to gastrin secreted by the pyloric gland area of the stomach

Question 65

What causes the typical coloration of the feces?

A) bile salts
B) undigested cellulose
C) aqueous NaHCO3 secretion
D) bilirubin

Question 66

Venous flow into the liver is via the __________

A) hepatic vein
B) hepatic portal system
C) sinusoidal system
D) mesenteric system

Question 67

What happens during vomiting?

A) The diaphragm contracts.
B) The thorax contracts
C) The stomach contracts.

Question 68

What stimulates gallbladder contraction?

A) CCK
B) secretin
C) sympathetic stimulation
D) gastrin

Question 69

Which of the following are NOT functions of aqueous NaHCO₃ secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum?

A) neutralization of acidic gastric contents emptied into the duodenum
B) prevention of irritation of the duodenal mucosa
C) active digestion of fat molecules into fatty acids

Question 70

Which statement concerning secretin is correct?

A) The most potent stimulus for secretin secretion is the presence of fat in the duodenum.
B) Secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.
C) Secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate.
D) Secretin stimulates the acinar cells.

Question 71

Which statement concerning peptic ulcers is INCORRECT?

A) They are usually caused by excessive neural stimulation.
B) They are usually caused by bacterial infection.
C) They compromise the mucosal barrier and stomach wall.

Question 72

Which statement regarding control of pancreatic secretion is INCORRECT?

A) Gastrin stimulates release of neutralization solution.
B) CCK stimulates release of enzymes.
C) Secretin stimulates release of bicarbonate.

Question 73

What is the most important stimulus for contraction of the gallbladder?

A) CCK causes contraction of the gallbladder.
B) Mechanical contraction of the small intestine causes bile to be forced out of the gallbladder.
C) Sympathetic stimulation causes contraction of the gallbladder.
D) An increase in bile secretion by the liver causes contraction of the gallbladder.

Question 74

What does NOT occur during vomiting?

A) The diaphragm contracts.
B) The abdominal muscles contract.
C) The stomach contracts.
D) Respiration is inhibited.

Question 75

Which statement is NOT a function of the liver?

A) metabolic processing of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
B) secretion of proteolytic digestive enzymes
C) detoxification and/or degradation of body wastes, hormones, drugs, and foreign compounds
D) synthesis of plasma proteins essential to the clotting process

Question 76

Which statement concerning cholecystokinin is INCORRECT?

A) It is secreted by the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
B) It stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.
C) It causes contraction of the gallbladder.

Question 77

Which statement is INCORRECT about the pancreas?

A) It has endocrine tissue.
B) It has exocrine tissue.
C) It secretes an alkaline fluid.
D) It secretes pepsinogen.

Question 78

Which statement concerning bile salts is correct?

A) They aid fat digestion.
B) They aid fat absorption through micelle formation.
C) They are secreted into the bile.
D) They aid fat digestion and absorption through micelle formation.

Question 79

Which statement accurately describes chymotrypsinogen?

A) Chymotrypsinogen is activated by enterokinase.
B) Once activated, chymotrypsinogen is involved in protein digestion.
C) Chymotrypsinogen is secreted by the endocrine pancreas.
D) Chymotrypsinogen hydrolyzes starches and glycogen.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT true of the formation of a lipid emulsion ?

A) facilitates digestion of fat by lipase
B) is accomplished by bile salts
C) takes place in the stomach