Deck 2: Cell Physiology

Question 1

Which statement regarding the plasma membrane is NOT correct?

A) It serves as a mechanical barrier to hold in the contents of the cell.
B) It selectively controls movement of molecules between the ECF and the ICF.
C) It contains proteins that provide receptor sites for membrane functions.
D) It has cholesterol to determine the fluidity of the membrane.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement concerning cells is NOT correct?

A) Cells serve as the living building blocks of the body.
B) The average human cell is about 100 times smaller than the smallest particle visible by the unaided eye.
C) Inanimate chemical molecules are organized within each cell into a living entity.
D) Cells are generally colourless and transparent so they must be stained for visualization under a microscope.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which statement does NOT correctly characterize mitochondria?

A) They have an inner fluid filled space called the cristae.
B) They possess their own DNA.
C) They are the site for cell respiration.
D) Their inner membranes possess electron carriers.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which structure is NOT located in the cytosol of the cell?

A) ER
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) nucleolus

Question 5

Which structure is NOT associated with the secretion of proteins produced by ER?

A) Golgi complex
B) smooth ER
C) transport vesicles
D) lysosomal membrane

Question 6

Which component is NOT always found in a typical human cell?

A) cytosol
B) DNA
C) flagellum
D) plasma membrane

Question 7

The rough ER is a membranous system.With what is it associated?

A) chromosomes
B) lysosomes
C) microfilaments
D) ribosomes

Question 8

Which of the following refers to the form of endocytosis in which whole cells such as bacteria are brought in?

A) exocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) phagocytosis

Question 9

Which statement is correct for the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A) It does not contain ribosomes.
B) It synthesizes proteins for export from the cell or for use in construction of a new cellular membrane.
C) It is abundant in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism.
D) It is abundant in liver cells.

Question 10

Of the organelles below,which occurs in the lowest numbers within a typical human cell?

A) mitochondria
B) vaults
C) peroxisomes
D) nuclei

Question 11

What can be found within the nucleus?

A) deoxyribonucleic acid
B) cytosol
C) plasma membrane
D) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

Which organelle is NOT covered by a membrane?

A) Golgi body
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) ribosome

Question 13

Which statement is correct for smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A) It is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion.
B) It gives rise to transport vesicles containing newly synthesized molecules wrapped in a layer of smooth ER membrane.
C) It consists of stacks of relatively flattened sacs called cisternae.
D) It has many ribosomes.

Question 14

What does the SNARE complex provide?

A) recognition of foreign proteins in the cell
B) binding of correct enzyme with correct substrate
C) means to deliver vesicles to an appropriate site
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 15

What accounts for the most ATP production?

A) Kreb's cycle
B) citric acid cycle
C) NADH
D) electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

Which statement is NOT correct regarding ribosomes?

A) They are composed of RNA.
B) They assemble polypeptides.
C) They may be bound to endoplasmic reticulum.
D) They are covered by a membrane.

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT apply to lysosomes?

A) They contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes.
B) They generate hydrogen peroxide.
C) They remove useless parts of the cell.
D) They attack foreign materials engulfed by the cell by means of endocytosis.

Question 18

Which of the following refers to extrusion of materials to the exterior of the cell through the plasma membrane?

A) endocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) phagocytosis
D) pinocytosis

Question 19

Which statement is NOT correct regarding the Golgi complex?

A) It sorts and directs products to their final destination.
B) It modifies proteins chemically.
C) It produces secretory vesicles.
D) It is responsible for protein synthesis.

Question 20

Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur?

A) cytoplasm
B) cytosol
C) inner-mitochondrial membrane
D) mitochondrial matrix

Question 21

In aerobic respiration process of the cells,where is CO₂ released?

A) during glycolysis
B) in the electron transport chain
C) during Kreb's cycle
D) during fermentation

Question 22

Which statement is NOT correct about vaults?

A) They may play a role in drug resistance.
B) Their shape resembles octagonal barrels.
C) They are smaller than ribosomes.
D) They are a type of organelle.

Question 23

Which statement is correct for NADH?

A) It is an energy carrier.
B) It plays a role in cellular respiration.
C) It is used in glycolysis.
D) It is used in the citric acid cycle.

Question 24

Which element is NOT a part of the cytoskeleton?

A) inclusions
B) intermediate filaments
C) microfilaments
D) microtubular lattice

Question 25

Why does anaerobic respiration take place when O₂ is unavailable?

A) to continue releasing at least some energy from molecules and generate ATP
B) to prevent cell death
C) to make use of available glucose
D) to prevent protein breakdown

Question 26

What is the function of ATP synthase?

A) to act enzymatically
B) to build membranes
C) to carry hydrogen
D) to synthesize ATP

Question 27

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

A) to produce citric acid
B) to liberate energy from glucose
C) to produce large numbers of ATP
D) to trap energy in FADH2

Question 28

What is the carbon-based end product (chain)of glycolysis?

A) NADH
B) ATP
C) pyruvic acid
D) FADH2

Question 29

Which statement regarding the citric acid cycle is NOT correct?

A) It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
B) Carbon dioxide is released.
C) Several ATP molecules are produced for each cycle.
D) Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic CoA acid initially react to form citric acid.

Question 30

Where are cristae found?

A) lysosome
B) mitochondrion
C) nucleolus
D) nucleus

Question 31

What is the definition of aerobic?

A) in the blood
B) with carbon dioxide
C) with oxygen
D) without carbon dioxide

Question 32

What does chemiosmosis do?

A) releases CO2
B) extracts energy from an H+ concentration gradient
C) reduces NAD
D) ferments pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Question 33

What is the universal energy currency in cells?

A) ATP
B) glucose
C) glycogen
D) insulin

Question 34

Which statement is correct for the electron transport chains?

A) They are "circuits" for small amounts of electricity to pass through.
B) They are made of proteins.
C) They deliver energy to cytochrome to pump H+ into the intermembrane space.
D) They do not need oxygen to be available.

Question 35

What might happen if you did NOT get enough niacin in your diet?

A) Glucose would not be able to be cleaved.
B) Available FAD would decrease.
C) When the 3-carbon chain is oxidized in glycolysis, electrons would not be able to be captured.
D) Only fermentation would be possible.

Question 36

Which statement is correct regarding the bending movements of cilia and flagella?

A) They are accomplished by alternate solation and gelation of the cytosol.
B) They involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments.
C) They are produced by the sliding of adjacent microtubule doublets past one another.
D) They are important in providing motility for many organisms but are not of any use in humans.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a correct association?

A) ATP/high-energy bonds
B) electron transport chain/mitochondrion
C) glycolysis/anaerobic
D) pyruvic acid/five-carbon molecule

Question 38

Which statement is correct for an anaerobic condition?

A) Oxygen is plenty.
B) The degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond glycolysis.
C) Mitochondrial processing of nutrient molecules takes place.
D) It produces a high yield of oxygen molecules.

Question 39

Which molecule directly enters the citric acid cycle?

A) acetyl CoA
B) adenosine diphosphate
C) citric acid
D) oxaloacetic acid

Question 40

Which organelles contain oxidative enzymes?

A) peroxisomes and lysosomes
B) mitochondria and nucleus
C) lysosomes and vaults
D) ribosomes and microtublues

Question 41

DNA's genetic code is transcribed into messenger RNA.

Question 42

In which cells are actin and myosin filaments commonly found?

A) epithelial cells
B) muscle cells
C) nerve cells
D) red blood cells

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT true of the cytoskeleton?

A) It supports the plasma membrane and is responsible for the particular shape, rigidity, and spatial geometry of each different cell type.
B) It probably plays a role in regulating cell growth and division.
C) Its elements are all rigid and permanent structures.
D) It is responsible for cell contraction and cell movements.

Question 44

Which statement is FALSE?

A) The number of mitochondria per cell varies depending on the energy needs of each particular cell type.
B) DNA is enclosed within the cell nucleus and mitochondria.
C) The mitochondria DNA in our cells are copies of our parent's.
D) Mitochondria DNA has a limited ability to repair.

Question 45

DNA in the nucleus has the genetic instructions to make enzymatic proteins.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT an action of the cytosol?

A) duplication of chromosomes
B) enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
C) storage of fat and glycogen
D) synthesis of proteins for use in the cytosol

Question 47

Which statement regarding microfilaments is NOT correct?

A) They serve as mechanical stiffeners for microvilli.
B) They are composed of actin subunits.
C) They are the smallest elements of the cytoskeleton.
D) They form mitotic spindles.

Question 48

Which of the following is correct about intermediate filaments?

A) They comprise mitotic spindles.
B) They are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress.
C) They comprise cilia.
D) They comprise flagella.

Question 49

Which statement is correct for glycolysis?

A) It yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed.
B) It always requires oxygen.
C) It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) It takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane cristae.

Question 50

The cytosol is the gel-like mass of the cytoplasm.

Question 51

Which statement is correct for Nicotimamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)?

A) It converts ADP + Pi to ATP.
B) It is found in the cytosol.
C) It is a hydrogen carrier molecule.
D) It is found in the cytosol and is a hydrogen carrier molecule.

Question 52

Which statement is correct for ATP synthase?

A) It transports hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion.
B) It is activated by the flow of hydrogen ions from the intermembrane space to the matrix.
C) It enzymatically converts ATP to ADP.
D) It yields two molecules of ATP.

Question 53

Proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum become permanently separated from the cytosol as soon as they have been synthesized.

Question 54

The nucleus indirectly governs most cellular activities by directing the kinds and amounts of various enzymes and other proteins that are produced by the cell.

Question 55

What is the function of the microtrabecular lattice?

A) to maintain asymmetrical cell shapes
B) to suspend and functionally link the largest cytoskeletal elements and organelles
C) to provide cellular contractile systems
D) to serve as mechanical stiffeners

Question 56

RER is most abundant in cells specialized for steroid production.

Question 57

The Golgi complex is functionally connected to the ER.

Question 58

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion,whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism.

Question 59

Which of the following organelles is NOT membrane-bound?

A) lysosome
B) ribosome
C) mitochondrion
D) perioxisomes

Question 60

Electron microscopes are about 100 times more powerful than light microscopes.

Question 61

Glycolysis generates ATP from glucose with high efficiency.

Question 62

Secretory vesicles are about 200 times larger than transport vesicles.

Question 63

Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis used for bringing in extracellular fluids.

Question 64

Dynein is a mitochondrial enzyme.

Question 65

Secretory vesicles are released to the exterior of the cell by means of the process of phagocytosis.

Question 66

The smooth ER specializes in protein metabolism.

Question 67

The peroxisomes mainly generate hydrogen peroxide.

Question 68

ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 69

Mitochondria are presumably descendants of primitive bacterial cells.

Question 70

All cell organelles are renewable.

Question 71

Most intermediary metabolism is accomplished in the cytosol.

Question 72

Oxidative phosphorylation generates the most ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 73

Endocytosis can be accomplished by phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Question 74

Amoeboid movement is accomplished by transitions of the cytosol between a gel and a solid state as a result of alternate assembly and disassembly respectively of actin filaments.

Question 75

The protective,waterproof outer layer of skin is formed by the tough skeleton of the micro trabecular lattice that persists after the surface skin cells die.

Question 76

Coated vesicles enclose a representative mixture of proteins present in the Golgi sac before budding off.

Question 77

The lysosomes are one site of protein synthesis.

Question 78

Cilia in the respiratory tract beat in the same direction to sweep inspired particles up and out of the airways.

Question 79

The endoplasmic reticulum is one continuous organelle consisting of many tubules and cisternae.

Question 80

Cytokinesis is the division of the nucleus during mitosis.