Deck 5: Sex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle

Question 1

Which of the following is a steroid sex hormone?

A) Protein
B) Peptide
C) Prostaglandin
D) Progesterone
E) Monoamine

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Starting materials for industrial production of steroid hormones were obtained from

A) mouse testicles.
B) cow brains.
C) chicken brains.
D) wild yams.
E) sheep ovaries.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which class of steroid hormones is not involved in sexual behavior?

A) Androgens
B) Estrogens
C) Corticosteroids
D) Progestins
E) Prostaglandins

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Sex steroids are _______ molecules derived from _______.

A) lipid; cholesterol
B) lipid; amino acids
C) protein; cholesterol
D) protein; amino acids
E) cholesterol; amino acids

Question 5

The enzyme needed to convert testosterone to estrogen is

A) 5α-reductase.
B) DHT.
C) aromatase.
D) progestin.
E) AMH.

Question 6

The enzyme needed to produce DHT is

A) aromatase.
B) AMH.
C) 5α-reductase.
D) cholesterol.
E) progesterone.

Question 7

You want to analyze blood from an adult male to see if he is producing normal amounts of testosterone. You should collect his blood for testing

A) after sexual activity.
B) at several different times.
C) while he is fasting.
D) before sexual activity.
E) during sexual activity.

Question 8

A male who is unable to produce the enzyme aromatase will experience all of the following symptoms except for

A) continued growth after puberty.
B) the production of immature sperm.
C) a decreased production of sperm.
D) stunted growth at puberty.
E) unlimited growth of the limb bones.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about testosterone in men is false?

A) Its blood levels peak every 2 to 4 hours.
B) Its blood levels are higher in the evening than in the morning.
C) It can be converted to estrogen.
D) It is broken down in the liver.
E) It can be converted to DHT.

Question 10

In women, testosterone levels fluctuate with the menstrual cycle and are highest

A) during menstruation.
B) near the time of ovulation.
C) during the luteal phase.
D) at the beginning of the follicular phase.
E) at the end of the postovulatory phase.

Question 11

In men and women, testosterone is secreted by the gonads and the

A) testes.
B) ovaries.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) pituitary.

Question 12

Testosterone has a half-life of _______ due to the _______ of the unbound hormone in the liver.

A) 24 hours; absence
B) 24 hours; metabolism
C) 6 hours; metabolism
D) less than 1 hour; metabolism
E) less than 1 hour; absence

Question 13

Which of the following is essentially a female hormone?

A) Estradiol
B) Testosterone
C) Progesterone
D) Androgen
E) Estrogen

Question 14

_______ molecules make cells sensitive to the effects of sex steroid hormones.

A) Testosterone
B) Estradiol
C) DHT
D) Aromatase
E) Receptor

Question 15

Estradiol in men's bodies

A) is produced from testosterone.
B) facilitates the maturation of sperm.
C) terminates the growth of the limb bones at the conclusion of puberty.
D) maintains bone density.
E) All of the above

Question 16

Oxytocin is synthesized in the _______ and _______ nuclei; two clusters of neurons located in the hypothalamus.

A) INAH3; paraventricular
B) INAH3; medial preoptic
C) paraventricular; medial preoptic
D) supraoptic; medial preoptic
E) supraoptic; paraventricular

Question 17

Peptides and proteins are

A) estrogens.
B) gene products.
C) androgens.
D) progestins.
E) derived from cholesterol.

Question 18

A hormone from the hypothalamus that triggers milk letdown is

A) dopamine.
B) serotonin.
C) estrogen.
D) progesterone.
E) oxytocin.

Question 19

Peptide and protein hormones consist of strings of

A) lipids.
B) DNA.
C) genes.
D) chromosomes.
E) amino acids.

Question 20

The hormone _______, though present in the blood at low levels most of the time, reaches much higher levels during orgasm, childbirth, and breast-feeding.

A) prolactin
B) oxytocin
C) vasopressin
D) estrogen
E) progestin

Question 21

GnRH is released from a region of the hypothalamus called the

A) medial preoptic nuclei.
B) median eminence.
C) INAH3.
D) paraventricular nucleus.
E) supraoptic nucleus.

Question 22

The gonadotropins LH and FSH are released from the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) hypothalamus.
D) corpus luteum.
E) uterus.

Question 23

The anterior pituitary only secretes

A) gonadotropins.
B) prolactin.
C) growth hormone.
D) LH and FSH.
E) protein hormones.

Question 24

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary via _______ and to the anterior pituitary via _______.

A) axons, portal veins
B) portal veins, axons
C) axons, receptors
D) portal veins, receptors
E) axons, neurons

Question 25

A man in his thirties is not producing testosterone and his lab tests reveal that he is not producing GnRH normally. Where in his system does the problem reside?

A) Anterior pituitary
B) Median eminence
C) Hypothalamus
D) Leydig cells
E) Posterior pituitary

Question 26

You want to turn off a man's production of his gonadotropins. To do this you could give him _______ treatment with _______.

A) sporadic; oxytocin
B) sporadic; GnRH
C) continuous; oxytocin
D) continuous; GnRH
E) sporadic; estrogen

Question 27

Pregnancy tests depend on the detection of _______ in a woman's blood or urine.

A) AMH
B) hCG
C) GnRH
D) LH
E) FSH

Question 28

A hormone that is structurally and functionally similar to LH is

A) hCG.
B) GnRH.
C) DHT
D) progesterone.
E) AMH.

Question 29

________ inhibits prolactin secretion.

A) Gonadotropins
B) GnRH
C) Dopamine
D) LH.
E) FSH.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a hormone involved in sex and sexuality?

A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) hCG
D) LH
E) FSH

Question 31

All of the following are hormones are involved in sex and sexuality except

A) prostaglandins.
B) dopamine.
C) hCG.
D) LH.
E) FSH.

Question 32

Sertoli cells support sperm production in the presence of

A) FSH only.
B) androgens only.
C) FSH and androgens.
D) LH.
E) FSH and LH.

Question 33

A man in his thirties is not producing testosterone and his lab tests reveal that he does make GnRH and LH normally. Where in his system does his problem reside?

A) Median eminence
B) Anterior pituitary
C) Hypothalamus
D) Leydig cells
E) Posterior pituitary

Question 34

In the testes, testosterone is produced by the _______ cells.

A) Leydig
B) Sertoli
C) thecal
D) granulosa
E) inhibin

Question 35

Hormone production and spermatogenesis are the major functions of the

A) nervous system.
B) endocrine system.
C) ovaries.
D) testes.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 36

GnRH is released from the

A) gonads.
B) testes.
C) ovaries.
D) hypothalamus.
E) pituitary.

Question 37

The prostate gland is very sensitive to androgens because it

A) possesses many androgen receptors.
B) produces the enzyme 5 $\alpha$ -reductase.
C) contributes to sperm production.
D) develops in males.
E) Both a and b

Question 38

The _______ effects of testosterone in men increase muscle bulk.

A) reproductive
B) androgenic
C) anabolic
D) estrogenic
E) steroidal

Question 39

Menstrual toxic shock syndrome is _______ and is caused by strains of _______.

A) fairly common; Neisseria gonorrhoeae
B) harmless; influenza
C) rare; bacterial vaginosis
D) most common in older women;
E) rare; Staphylococcus aureus

Question 40

Pain experienced at the time of ovulation is called

A) mittelschmerz.
B) dysmenorrhea.
C) primary amenorrhea.
D) secondary amenorrhea.
E) endometriosis.

Question 41

Despite individual differences in the length of the menstrual cycle, which phase is the most constant?

A) Menstrual
B) Follicular
C) Preovulatory
D) Luteal
E) Ovulatory

Question 42

Menstrual synchrony

A) is an irregular menstrual cycle.
B) is a regular menstrual cycle.
C) occurs when the menstrual cycles of women living together coincide.
D) occurs when more than one follicle erupts at ovulation.
E) is the phase of the cycle after ovulation.

Question 43

The menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle is triggered by a drop in

A) progesterone levels.
B) testosterone levels.
C) uterine contractions.
D) body temperature.
E) androgen levels.

Question 44

Ovulation occurs

A) about 14 days before the menstrual phase begins.
B) about 5 days after the menstrual phase ends.
C) during the menstrual phase.
D) during the luteal phase.
E) during the follicular phase.

Question 45

Which of the following is the typical order of phases of the menstrual cycle?

A) Menstrual; luteal; follicular
B) Follicular; premenstrual; menstrual; luteal
C) Premenstrual; luteal; menstrual; follicular
D) Menstrual; postmenstrual; follicular
E) Menstrual; follicular; luteal

Question 46

The cessation of a woman's menstrual periods with age is due to the depletion of her

A) ovaries.
B) follicles.
C) fallopian tubes.
D) vaginal mucosa.
E) cervix.

Question 47

In women, the main source of estradiol is the

A) brain.
B) uterus.
C) vagina.
D) cervix.
E) ovarian follicles.

Question 48

The _______ cells of the ovary produce androgens.

A) granulosa
B) thecal
C) Leydig
D) Sertoli
E) luteal

Question 49

When a follicle ruptures at ovulation, a wrapping of granulosa cells called _______ is released into the peritoneal cavity.

A) cumulus cells
B) ova
C) primary oocytes
D) secondary oocytes
E) secondary follicles

Question 50

The uterus is prepared for pregnancy

A) during menstruation.
B) at the time of sexual intercourse.
C) during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
D) at ovulation.
E) during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Question 51

Cervical mucus that stretches easily like egg white between the thumb and forefinger is likely

A) in a condition to transport sperm.
B) an indication of infertility.
C) impenetrable.
D) at an optimal pH.
E) damaged.

Question 52

In women who are having menstrual cycles, progesterone is present in the blood at high levels during

A) the menstrual phase.
B) the follicular phase.
C) the ovulatory phase.
D) the luteal phase.
E) mittelschmerz.

Question 53

Progesterone causes the _______ to thicken and prepare itself for implantation of a conceptus.

A) myometrium
B) endometrium
C) corpus luteum
D) cervix
E) fallopian tube

Question 54

Lipid hormones that help prepare the uterus and cervix for childbirth are called

A) androgens.
B) estrogens.
C) prostaglandins.
D) serotonin.
E) dopamine.

Question 55

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with premenstrual syndrome?

A) Breast tenderness
B) Bloating
C) Crying spells
D) Anxiety
E) Increased libido

Question 56

A class of estrogen-like compounds present in legumes and beans are known as

A) isoflavones.
B) estradiols.
C) DES.
D) aromatase inhibitors.
E) endocrine mimics.

Question 57

Cells that contain androgen receptors and the 5 $\alpha$ -reductase enzyme can bind and synthesize

A) estradiol.
B) testosterone.
C) progesterone.
D) dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
E) any androgen.

Question 58

Testosterone is secreted by the gonads and the _______, and is produced by _______.

A) pituitary; men
B) adrenals; men
C) pituitary; men and women
D) adrenals; men and women
E) hypothalamus; men

Question 59

The shorter cycle in testosterone secretion has a duration (or period) of about _______, while the longer cycle of testosterone secretion has a duration of about _______.

A) 2-4 hours; 24 hours
B) 24 hours; a year
C) 2-4 days; a month
D) 2-4 hours; a month
E) 24 hours; a month

Question 60

The half-life of a free steroid molecule after secretion into the bloodstream is a few_______, and the major site at which steroids are removed and metabolized is (are) the _______.

A) minutes; spleen
B) hours; kidneys
C) days; large intestine
D) minutes; liver
E) hours; liver

Question 61

Progesterone is primarily produced during the _______ phase of the menstrual cycle.

A) follicular
B) proliferative
C) luteal
D) Both b and c
E) None of the above

Question 62

In the ovaries, the production of estradiol is a cooperative venture of _______ cells, which produce large quantities of testosterone, and _______ cells, which produce lots of aromatase.

A) granulosa; Sertoli
B) thecal; granulosa
C) Leydig; granulosa
D) granulosa; thecal
E) Sertoli; thecal

Question 63

A single cell expresses _______ type(s) of steroid receptor molecules.

A) only one
B) one or more
C) as few as zero or as many as three
D) more than one
E) more than three

Question 64

Cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) growth hormone.
D) follicle stimulating hormone.
E) inhibin.

Question 65

GnRH enters blood vessels in the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) median eminence.
C) gonads.
D) conceptus.
E) thyroid.

Question 66

Which of the following about human chorionic gonadotropin is false?

A) It influences the gonads.
B) It is structurally similar to FSH and LH.
C) It is synthesized by the conceptus.
D) It is a pregnancy indicator.
E) It blocks the development of the female reproductive tract in males.

Question 67

Which of the following about prostaglandins is false?

A) They are structurally different from steroids.
B) They are lipids.
C) They prepare the uterus and cervix for childbirth.
D) They convert androgens to estrogens.
E) They act locally.

Question 68

Testosterone promotes sexual function in rats through its actions on the _______ of the hypothalamus.

A) ventromedial nucleus
B) supraoptic nucleus
C) medial preoptic area
D) paraventricular nucleus
E) suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 69

In the absence of testosterone, the _______ revert to an anatomically less mature state.

A) penis and vas deferens
B) seminal vesicles and vas deferens
C) seminal vesicles and prostate
D) vagina and cervix
E) testes and vas deferens

Question 70

Which of the following is a known function of estradiol in men?

A) It maintains sexual interest.
B) It promotes muscle growth.
C) It increases red blood cells.
D) It promotes pair-bonding.
E) It facilitates sperm maturation and concentration.

Question 71

It has been suggested that some women experience decreased interest in sex during menses as a consequence of decreased levels of

A) estrogen.
B) testosterone.
C) progesterone.
D) gonadotropins.
E) human chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 72

About _______% of women in Canada and the United States who are menstruating use tampons.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60
E) 70

Question 73

Menstrual toxic shock syndrome has been linked to

A) multiple sex partners.
B) early menarche.
C) use of high-absorbency tampons.
D) high levels of testosterone in women.
E) use of extra-absorbency sanitary pads worn for too long.

Question 74

Research has shown cohabiting lesbian couples exhibit _______ menstrual synchrony.

A) no
B) moderate
C) exact
D) inverted
E) occasional

Question 75

Follicles that develop gonadotropin receptors during the _______ phase of the ovarian cycle will survive and develop; _______ of these will become (a) preovulatory follicle(s).

A) preovulatory; 1
B) follicular; 1
C) luteal; 1
D) follicular; 15-20
E) luteal; 15-20

Question 76

If the endometrium is thickening and the cervix is producing thick cloudy mucus, the state of the ovary is

A) undergoing ovulation.
B) being influenced by an ovarian corpus luteum.
C) rich in gonadotropin-dependent follicles.
D) secreting copious quantities of testosterone.
E) undergoing a LH surge.

Question 77

After conversion of the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum, the _______-lutein cells produce progesterone and the _______-lutein cells produce _______.

A) granulosa; theca; estrogen
B) theca; granulosa; estrogen
C) granulosa; theca; testosterone
D) theca; granulosa; testosterone
E) theca; Leydig; testosterone

Question 78

The _______ is a secretory structure in the female gonads derived from the _______ after ovulation.

A) primordial follicle; granulosa cells
B) primordial follicle; antrum
C) antrum; corpus luteum
D) corpus luteum; antrum
E) corpus luteum; follicle

Question 79

The psychological effects experienced by some women toward the end of the luteal phase may be due to a drop in

A) testosterone.
B) estradiol.
C) gonadotropins.
D) progesterone.
E) GnRH.

Question 80

Which of the following is not a core symptom in defining PMS and distinguishing it from other physical problems?

A) Feelings of anxiety and tension
B) Bodily aches
C) Cramps
D) Mood swings
E) Sleep difficulties