Deck 8: Urban Form and the Social Geography of the City

Question 1

What does the term urban structure refer to?

A) The arrangement of land uses in cities
B) The predominant architectural design of a city
C) The pattern of transportation corridors in cities
D) The economic characteristics of a city
E) The characteristics of the central business district

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Von Thünen's agricultural land-use theory operates on the same principles as which of the following?

A) Weber's theory
B) Christaller's theory
C) Generalizations of the urban land use model
D) The concentric zone model
E) None of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a major urban land use category?

A) Institutional
B) Commercial
C) Recreational
D) Transportation
E) High density

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Who developed the sector model of urban land use?

A) Von Thünen
B) Park and Burgess
C) Christaller
D) Hoyt
E) Harris and Ullman

Question 5

The Latin American city is generally similar to which urban model?

A) The City Beautiful model
B) The multiple nuclei model
C) The sector model
D) The concentric zone model
E) The garden city

Question 6

In 1983, O'Connor noted several types of African cities. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) Islamic
B) Colonial
C) Westernized
D) Indigenous
E) Dual

Question 7

Why is it particularly difficult to generalize African and Asian cities into a single model?

A) They are not well planned
B) There are numerous regional traditions
C) There are many different colonial imprints
D) Their populations are large
E) Both B and C

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes the location of the major colonial cities in South Asia?

A) They are located on the coast.
B) They are located in the interior.
C) They are located in strategic political locations.
D) They are randomly located.
E) Both A and C

Question 9

Where are many of the world's fastest growing and largest cities located?

A) India
B) China
C) Mexico
D) Africa
E) Japan

Question 10

Which variable(s) do the three classic models of North American urban internal structure take into account?

A) Economic
B) Social
C) Cultural
D) Political
E) All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following led to White's revision of the classic model of urban form?

A) Increased government intervention
B) Deindustrialization
C) Increased automobile use
D) Rise of the service economy
E) All of the above

Question 12

What is NOT a component of White's 1987 urban model for cities in more developed countries?

A) Cities grow outward along major roads.
B) Elite residential enclaves are scattered throughout middle-class areas.
C) Institutional and business centres are scattered throughout middle-class areas.
D) Cities rarely include areas of low-quality housing.
E) The core area grows upward rather than outward.

Question 13

The ability to purchase many goods is determined by several factors EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Consumer preferences
B) Personal financial circumstances
C) Availability of the good
D) Awareness of options
E) Disposable income

Question 14

In terms of residential migration, what is an example of a push factor?

A) Shorter commute times
B) Longer commute times
C) Limited crime
D) A variety of recreational facilities
E) Fewer but high-quality schools

Question 15

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to revitalization?

A) Low vacancy rates
B) A declining population
C) Small rental units with owners living on premises
D) Low vehicle traffic
E) Low crime

Question 16

The process of people moving in and transforming formerly derelict or low-quality housing areas into higher status neighbourhoods is known as what?

A) Planned migration
B) Filtering
C) Gentrification
D) Segregation
E) Suburbanization

Question 17

The process of spatially separating population subgroups is known as what?

A) Planned migration
B) Filtering
C) Gentrification
D) Segregation
E) Suburbanization

Question 18

Residential segregation is evident by differences in what?

A) Income
B) Social class
C) Wealth
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a negative impact of gentrification?

A) Displacement of neighbourhood residents
B) New and renovated buildings and houses
C) Displacement of neighbourhood businesses
D) Residents evicted from rental buildings
E) Landlords selling property to the more affluent

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of an ethnic enclave?

A) Vancouver, British Columbia
B) Toronto's Chinatown
C) Mississauga, Ontario
D) St Albert, Alberta
E) None of the above

Question 21

Jewish areas in eastern American and European cities are an example of what type of spatial segregation?

A) Ghettos
B) Enclaves
C) Colonies
D) Neighbourhoods
E) Charter populations

Question 22

Hispanic areas in many American cities are an example of what type of spatial segregation?

A) Ghettos
B) Enclaves
C) Colonies
D) Neighbourhoods
E) Charter populations

Question 23

North American immigrant reception areas in the 1920s and 1930s are an example of what type of spatial segregation?

A) Ghettos
B) Enclaves
C) Colonies
D) Neighbourhoods
E) Charter populations

Question 24

The process through which an ethnic minority group is absorbed into the larger society, thereby losing its unique cultural identity, is known as what?

A) Acculturation
B) Assimilation
C) Multiculturalism
D) Spatial segregation
E) Ghettoization

Question 25

The process through which an ethnic minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture but retains certain aspects of its identity is known as what?

A) Acculturation
B) Assimilation
C) Multiculturalism
D) Spatial segregation
E) Ghettoization

Question 26

A policy intended to nurture the increasingly pluralistic character of a country with equality for all is called what?

A) Acculturation
B) Assimilation
C) Multiculturalism
D) Spatial segregation
E) Ghettoization

Question 27

Assimilation is most closely aligned with which of the following?

A) American immigration policy
B) A view of society as a "melting pot"
C) Canadian multiculturalism
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 28

Suburbs are as old as which of the following?

A) The automobile
B) Cities themselves
C) Public transit systems
D) Democracy
E) Streetcars

Question 29

Which of the following does the Black Lives Matter network speak out against?

A) Racial profiling
B) Police brutality
C) Racial inequality in the American criminal justice system
D) Racial inequality in other criminal justice systems
E) All of the above

Question 30

Suburbanization was mostly a response to which of the following changes within cities?

A) Rising population densities
B) The establishment of factories
C) A desire for multi-unit residences
D) Automobile ownership
E) Both A and B

Question 31

Urban deprivation, social anonymity, residential congestion, and pollution are all associated with which of the following?

A) Global cities
B) Core areas
C) Edge cities
D) Suburbs
E) Exurban areas

Question 32

What is a conurbation?

A) A new city that has emerged at a junction of highways
B) A city that attracts new immigrants due to job opportunities
C) A suburb consisting mostly of townhouse-style condominiums
D) A built-up area formed by several expanding cities that were once separate
E) A planned response to suburbanization

Question 33

A centre of office and retail activities located on the perimeter of a large urban centre is referred to as which of the following?

A) A suburb
B) A garden city
C) Conurbation
D) An edge city
E) A cybercity

Question 34

What percentage of North Americans lived in suburbs in 1990?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 35

Which city is home to the world's tallest building (as of 2018)?

A) Tokyo
B) Shanghai
C) Dubai
D) New York City
E) Chicago

Question 36

Gated communities are designed to do which of the following?

A) Exclude disadvantaged people
B) Restrict access
C) Maintain privilege
D) Both B and C
E) All of the above

Question 37

Many social commentators view the rise of gated communities as a regrettable trend. They see these communities as landscapes of what?

A) Exclusion
B) Bad taste
C) Wealth
D) Poor planning
E) Stigma

Question 38

In-depth studies of homeless people in Calgary suggest that the typical homeless person all of the following EXCEPT?

A) Single
B) Poor
C) Male
D) Unemployed
E) Well educated

Question 39

The Canadian Housing and Renewal Association reports that a psychiatric in-patient bed costs $665 per day and that jail equals $143 per day. How much does a shelter bed cost per day?

A) $10-19 per day
B) $20-49 per day
C) $50-99 per day
D) $100-199 per day
E) More than $200 per day

Question 40

Since the 1970s, urban retailing activity has gone through several changes. Which of the following is NOT one of these changes?

A) New communications technology has led to the prevalence of online retailers.
B) Small local businesses out-compete larger businesses.
C) The number of independent retailers has significantly decreased.
D) Traditional retailers with stores increasingly offer online products.
E) Transnational firms dominate.

Question 41

Retailing changed from being located on main streets in central urban areas to suburban shopping centres and malls. What American community is generally recognized as the starting point for this trend?

A) Boise, Idaho
B) Los Angeles, California
C) Madison, Wisconsin
D) Trenton, New Jersey
E) Miami, Florida

Question 42

Which term refers to the ease at which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations?

A) Accessibility
B) Filtering
C) Transportation
D) Movement
E) Mobility

Question 43

Which term refers to the ability to move from one location to another?

A) Accessibility
B) Filtering
C) Transportation
D) Movement
E) Mobility

Question 44

What kind of activities are repetitive office operations that can be located anywhere in or out of the city?

A) Manufacturing
B) Commercial
C) Institutional
D) Back-office
E) Front-office

Question 45

Urban transportation systems influence which of the following?

A) Accessibility
B) Land-use patterns
C) Activity patterns of people
D) Patterns of businesses
E) All of the above

Question 46

Which of the following changes is occurring with advancements in information technologies?

A) The need to move around the city increases.
B) The need to move around the city decreases.
C) Distance and location in the city become more important.
D) The daily commute becomes increasingly more busy.
E) There is minimal impact on movement inside the city.

Question 47

Face-to-face contact is crucial to which of the following?

A) Back-office activities
B) Front-office activities
C) Decentralization activities
D) Centralized activities
E) Mobility

Question 48

Quayside in Toronto is a test neighbourhood for what kind of development?

A) Tech city
B) Smart city
C) Equal city
D) Data city
E) Total city

Question 49

A smart city is one that is which of the following?

A) Sensor enabled
B) Highly wired
C) Able to run through the analysis of its own data
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 50

Which of the following cities was planned primarily to express authority in landscape rather than to improve the quality of life of its residents?

A) London
B) Giza
C) Quebec City
D) Madrid
E) Chicago

Question 51

Which of the following statements does NOT refer to the City Beautiful movement?

A) It advocated reconstructing cities in a more aesthetically pleasing fashion.
B) It was one of two major planning directions proposed in reaction to the pollution and crowding of industrial cities.
C) It focused on redesigning the parts of the urban landscape that governments had control over.
D) The most substantive outcome of this movement was the comprehensive integrated plan for Los Angeles, California.
E) It focused on redesigning street layouts, public buildings, and open spaces.

Question 52

What is the name of the movement to build cities that provide spacious and high-quality environments for working and living?

A) Green city
B) Exurban city
C) Core city
D) Suburbia
E) Garden city

Question 53

Who/What introduced the idea of the garden city?

A) Thomas Adams
B) Frederick Law Olmstead
C) Ebenezer Howard
D) Homer Hoyt
E) The 1893 Chicago Exposition

Question 54

The master plan of the garden city includes which of the following design elements?

A) Wide streets
B) Public open spaces
C) High-density housing
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 55

A planned area of open, partially rural, land surrounding an urban area is known as which of the following?

A) A garden city
B) A donut development
C) Green space
D) An agricultural belt
E) A green belt

Question 56

Which of the following architects or planners promoted massive multi-story residential buildings set in park-like environments?

A) Frank Lloyd Wright
B) Jane Jacobs
C) Le Corbusier
D) Thomas Adams
E) Paul Park

Question 57

Which architect reflected modernistic views and advocated increasing open space and population density to facilitate the movement of people?

A) Le Corbusier
B) Darby
C) Vidal
D) Wright
E) Mies van der Rohe

Question 58

Since World War II, planning in many countries has centred on what?

A) Physical design
B) Urban renewal
C) Suburban expansion
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 59

Which of the following cities was built according to the ideas of Swiss architect Le Corbusier?

A) Mexico City
B) Brasilia
C) Chicago
D) Geneva
E) All of the above

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of New Urbanism?

A) Lafayette in San Francisco, California
B) Bloor Street West in Toronto, Ontario
C) Cornell in Markham, Ontario
D) North York in Toronto, Ontario
E) Wildwood Park in Winnipeg, Manitoba

Question 61

New Urbanism developed in response to which of the following factors?

A) The increasingly diverse cultural makeup of cities
B) The increased political fragmentation of cities
C) The spread of suburbs on the periphery of cities
D) The increasingly economic diversity of cities
E) The increase in high-density housing in cities

Question 62

New Urbanism has focused on building communities with which of the following features?

A) Designed for pedestrian movement and mass transit
B) A wide variety of housing styles
C) Driveways and garages at the rear of the lot
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 63

The intent of New Urbanism is not simply to plan the city but also to do which of the following?

A) Ensure co-operation among community residents.
B) Advocate and sell a particular image of what urban life ought to be.
C) Ensure the city is economically successful.
D) Monitor political activities within the city.
E) Ensure the pace of development is appropriate for the population size.

Question 64

Which of the following statements describes zoning?

A) A way to regulate land use
B) Involves classification of an urban area into distinct areas of land use
C) A means of ensuring that incompatible land uses are not located near one another
D) A major tool of urban planning
E) All of the above

Question 65

The Don Mills suburb of Toronto was inspired by which of the following?

A) The City Beautiful movement
B) Kevin Lynch's work on urban images
C) New Urbanism ideals
D) The garden city concept
E) Le Corbusier's modernist design for cities

Question 66

Highway improvements typically benefit whom?

A) Suburban developers
B) Low-income suburban residents
C) High-income suburban residents
D) Both A and C
E) Both B and C

Question 67

According to estimates by Habitat in 2005, how many of the world's urban population live in informal settlements (slums)?

A) 600-700 million
B) 700-800 million
C) 800-900 million
D) 900 million-1 billion
E) More than 1 billion

Question 68

According to estimates by Habitat, by 2050, how many of the world's urban population will be living in informal settlements (slums) unless significant action is taken?

A) 1-2 billion
B) 2-3 billion
C) 3-4 billion
D) 4-5 billion
E) 5-6 billion

Question 69

Approximately what percentage of the urban population in Africa lives in informal settlements (slums)?

A) 50 per cent
B) 60 per cent
C) 70 per cent
D) 80 per cent
E) 90 per cent

Question 70

Where are long-standing slums typically located in cities of the less developed world?

A) In rural areas
B) At the edges of cities
C) Along major transportation routes
D) Next to manufacturing facilities
E) Toward city centres

Question 71

What does the informal sector of the economy refer to?

A) Underpaid labour
B) Unrecognized labour
C) Unregulated labour
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 72

The informal sector of the economy does NOT refer to which of the following?

A) Retail distribution
B) Car-washing
C) Gambling
D) White-collar jobs
E) Prostitution

Question 73

Why are migrants attracted to cities?

A) The perception that the city offers better schooling
B) The perception that the city offers a better water supply
C) The perception that the city offers better medical services
D) The perception that the city offers the prospect of permanent employment
E) All of the above

Question 74

Informal settlements (slums) in many less developed world cities are NOT vulnerable to which of the following?

A) Rising sea levels
B) Increased incidence of extreme weather events
C) Under-crowding
D) Pollution
E) Inadequate waste disposal

Question 75

Which of the following has NOT been suggested by scholars as a means to improve life in informal settlements (slums)?

A) Actively involving local residents
B) Imposing change from the outside
C) Redirecting international aid from rural to urban areas
D) Integrating informal settlements into the city proper
E) Making inhabitants of informal settlements feel secure

Question 76

Manufacturing activities developed next to major transportation routes (e.g., ports, railways), and continue to be predominantly located there.

Question 77

Since World War II, there has been a steady movement of residents and businesses away from central business districts (CBDs) to suburbs.

Question 78

Population density is typically highest in the centre of a city.

Question 79

Ernest Burgess observed that household wealth increased as distance from city centre increased.

Question 80

At the time Burgess developed this model, the zone in transition was seen as an immigrant receiving area.