Deck 10: Gender

Question 1

What is suggested by the theory of gender neutrality?

A) All fetuses have a neutral gender until they are exposed to male or female hormones in the womb.
B) Gender roles are fluid throughout the lifespan with a person being able to switch between one gender and another easily.
C) Children are born with neutral genders and they adopt a gender from social cues.
D) There are no differences in the behaviours or preferences of males and females at any point in the lifespan.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What happened to Bruce Reimer, who was raised as "Brenda" after a poorly executed circumcision, as he/she grew into adulthood?

A) She accepted her role as a female, married a man, and adopted two children.
B) She joined a convent as a nun.
C) He reverted back to the male gender role and became "David," a man who married a woman and raised a son.
D) She continued to dress as a female but had lesbian relationships with other women.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What best describes the traditional view of what differentiates one's gender identity from one's sex?

A) Genes
B) Hormones
C) Psychology
D) Biology

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What best describes the traditional view of the origin of a person's sex?

A) Several biological factors
B) Environment after birth
C) Psychology
D) Chromosomes

Question 5

What will happen to a fetus with XY chromosomes that does not transmit the SRY gene?

A) It will develop normal gonads.
B) It will not develop testes and will develop ovaries instead.
C) It will not develop testes or ovaries.
D) It will develop both testes and ovaries.

Question 6

In what case can a genotype differ from a phenotype?

A) When the SRY gene is activated in an XY fetus
B) When the SRY gene is not activated in an XX fetus
C) When the SRY gene is activated in an XX fetus
D) When the FOXl2 gene is not expressed in an XY fetus

Question 7

__________ determines the sex based on the presence of ovaries or testicles, while __________ determines the sex based on levels of estrogens and androgens.

A) Gonadal sex; hormonal sex
B) Genotype; phenotype
C) Genotype; chromosomal sex
D) Hormonal sex; gonadal sex

Question 8

What term is used to describe the outward appearance or expression of a set of physical and behavioural traits, determined by genotype and environment?

A) Phenotype
B) Gonadal sex
C) Genome
D) Hormonal sex

Question 9

Which of the following factors may affect an individual's gender?

A) Hormonal sex
B) Gonadal sex
C) Chromosomal sex
D) All of the above

Question 10

What factors inform an individual's gender role?

A) Gender schemas
B) Stereotypes
C) Genotype
D) All of the above

Question 11

Julia has a higher conservative attitude towards casual sex than her friend Elliot. Which theoretical framework would attribute this difference in sexuality to the fact that men have a greater physiological capacity to reproduce?

A) Social learning theory
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Social structural theory
D) Genetic theory

Question 12

Edith has a higher conservative attitude towards casual sex than her friend Rory. Which theoretical framework would attribute this difference in sexuality to the fact that women are more often primary caregivers?

A) Social learning theory
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Social structural theory
D) Genetic theory

Question 13

Candace has a higher conservative attitude towards casual sex than her friend Pharrell. Which theoretical framework would attribute this difference in sexuality to the fact that media often portray women as sexualized objects?

A) Social learning theory
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Social structural theory
D) Genetic theory

Question 14

Gender __________ are mental frameworks based on understandings of how men and women typically behave, whereas gender __________ are widely held beliefs about the typical characteristics and behaviours of men and women.

A) schemas; stereotypes
B) stereotypes; schemas
C) roles; identities
D) identities; roles

Question 15

The theory that suggests that differences in biologically and physiologically determined reproductive roles give rise to differences in gendered psychological processes and behaviour aimed at maximizing the likelihood that children will survive and reproduce is __________.

A) evolutionary psychology
B) social learning theory
C) social structural theory
D) biology theory

Question 16

What do evolutionary psychologists suggest is the reason for different genders?

A) Different genders result from observing different expectations about gender in our society.
B) Different genders arise because offspring are more likely to survive with two distinct gender roles in place.
C) Different genders arise because of differences in the workplace roles for different people.
D) Different genders arise because we need eggs and sperm to procreate.

Question 17

Which theory supports the idea that gender differences can be affected by factors such as the Internet, television, film, and magazines?

A) Parental investment theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Social structural theory
D) Reproductive fitness theory

Question 18

Which theory supports the idea that gender differences can be affected by factors such as women being able to produce only a limited number of children?

A) Parental investment theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Social structural theory
D) Reproductive fitness theory

Question 19

Which theory supports the idea that gender differences can be affected by factors such as who controls resources?

A) Parental investment theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Social structural theory
D) Reproductive fitness theory

Question 20

What is one prediction of the social learning theory of gender development?

A) A child who is raised in complete isolation from society will not develop a gender.
B) Females will develop nurturing roles because they can only have a limited number of offspring.
C) The gender identities of children raised in cultures where there is little media influence will not be as strong as gender identities of children raised with a great deal of media influence.
D) A child born with a mismatched sexual genotype and phenotype will always develop the gender characteristics consistent with the genotype.

Question 21

According to social learning theory, which of the following is true about female gender compared to male gender?

A) Male gender is seen as more fluid than female gender.
B) Female gender is seen as more fluid than male gender.
C) Male gender is seen as more influenced by biology than female gender.
D) Female gender is seen as more influenced by biology than male gender.

Question 22

Which theory attempts to explain gender differences as resulting from differences in the workforce?

A) Social learning theory
B) Evolutionary theory
C) Social structural theory
D) Economic dependence theory

Question 23

Researchers in Sub-Saharan Africa studying the adaptiveness of infant temperaments found that difficult, cranky babies do worse in times of plenty; these children create a lot of stress for their parents and are more likely to be neglected or abused than babies with calm, more even temperaments. In times of drought, however, babies with cranky temperaments are the ones most likely to survive because they demand more attention from their caregivers (de Vries, 1984). This example shows that we can judge the adaptiveness of a baby's temperament only in relation to the environment within which that temperament is expressed. What theory are these researchers most likely using?

A) Evolutionary psychology
B) Social learning theory
C) Social structural theory
D) Biology theory

Question 24

Exposure to reality dating programs depicting gender-stereotyped romantic and sexual behaviours, such as Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire is correlated with more permissive sexual attitudes and behaviours. However, inferring causation requires an experimental design with control conditions; this correlation may reveal that individuals with more permissive attitudes are more likely to seek out media that portray sexuality in a fashion consistent with their attitudes. According to the text, if you were conducting this study, what theory should you employ in your research?

A) Social learning theory
B) Social structural theory
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Sociobiology theory

Question 25

Women and men from more gender-egalitarian societies, as indexed by a gender-empowerment measure developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 1995), report more similar incidence and frequency of sexual behaviours such as masturbation, vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, and casual sex (Peterson & Hyde, 2010); yet even in these societies certain gender differences remain, in particular, masturbation and erotica use. What theory does this information support?

A) Social structural theory
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Social learning theory
D) Sociobiology theory

Question 26

Contrary to popular media representations of gender (such as Men are from Mars, Women Are from Venus), recent research on gender indicates that __________.

A) in most ways, men and women are more similar than different
B) women are generally more emotional than men and therefore naturally inclined to be nurturers
C) in most ways, men and women are far more different than similar
D) men, because of their genetic composition, are more inclined to see sexuality as a reproductive function based on hormones

Question 27

When is men and women's sociosexuality likely to be most similar?

A) When women are ovulating
B) When men and women have created a loving home environment
C) When men are single
D) When society is not influencing men and women's sexual behaviour

Question 28

According to Janet Hyde's gender similarities hypothesis, which of the following best reflects the differences between males and females in terms of their behaviours and attitudes?

A) For most variables the difference between males and females is small or non-existent.
B) For most variables the difference between males and females is significant.
C) For variables related to sexual behaviour, including masturbation and pornography use, there are no differences between males and females, but for variables related to aggression there are large differences.
D) Females show higher scores for behaviour related to compassion, while males show higher scores for behaviour related to decision-making.

Question 29

What did research by Bailey and colleagues find about LGBTQ+ individuals' gender identity?

A) LGBTQ+ individuals rarely conform to the gender identity expected based on their biological sex.
B) LGBTQ+ individuals sometimes conform to the gender identity expected based on their biological sex and sometimes do not conform to the gender identity expected based on their biological sex.
C) LGBTQ+ individuals all deliberately break gender identity norms that are dictated by their biological sex.
D) LGBTQ+ individuals and heterosexual individuals are all equally likely to conform to gender identity norms based on their biological sex.

Question 30

Graham is much more open to casual sexual encounters than Pietro. These two differ on the basis of what variable?

A) Sociosexuality
B) Psychosexuality
C) Gender stereotyping
D) Gender phenotype

Question 31

What did research by Bailey and colleagues find about gay men's attitudes about the social status of their partner compared to heterosexual men's attitudes about the social status of their partner?

A) Gay men were less concerned about social status than heterosexual men.
B) Gay men were more concerned about social status than heterosexual men.
C) Gay men and heterosexual men were similarly unconcerned about social status.
D) Gay men were never concerned about social status; heterosexual men were only concerned when considered a monogamous relationship.

Question 32

What did research by Bailey and colleagues find when preferences were compared between lesbian women and heterosexual women?

A) Lesbian women preferred more youthful partners; heterosexual women had no preference.
B) Lesbian women were more interested in visual erotica than heterosexual women.
C) Lesbian women were less interested in committed relationships than heterosexual women.
D) Lesbian women placed less importance on the appearance of their lover than heterosexual women.

Question 33

What do social role theorists believe causes gender differences in sexual roles?

A) Deviating from norms has negative social consequences.
B) Hormones cause hardwired differences in behaviour between males and females.
C) Sociosexual pressure creates male and female gender roles.
D) Evolutionary forces have led to a tendency for all people to conform to a role that promotes procreation.

Question 34

When sexual preference rates are compared between men and women, what do researchers find?

A) Men are more likely than women to be sexually interested to both sexes.
B) Women are more likely than men to be exclusively attracted to members of the same sex.
C) Men are more likely than women to be exclusively attracted to members of the same sex.
D) Men and women are equally likely to be attracted to members of the opposite sex.

Question 35

Numerous gender differences in sexual behaviours between men and women are noted in the text. This may, however, be explained by the way men and women may report (both in formal research settings and in informal personal encounters) that their sexual attitudes and behaviours are consistent with gender norms in order to avoid negative social consequences. According to the text, which theory does this statement best align with?

A) Social role theory
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Social learning theory
D) Sociobiology theory

Question 36

James is a cisgender heterosexual male who reports that only women arouse him. He recently participated in a study that involved him watching porn. The study gauged his physiological response. If viewing women in porn primarily aroused James, he would be showing __________.

A) sexual concordance
B) sexual confusion
C) sociosexuality
D) sexual discordance

Question 37

Studies repeatedly show that women show lower sexual concordance than men. What is the best explanation for this?

A) Reporting biases and sexual double standards
B) Poor study designs
C) Women's lower rates of sexual arousal
D) All of the above

Question 38

According to a survey conducted by Chandra et al., which of the following women is most likely to admit to being attracted to someone of the same sex?

A) A Hispanic woman completing the survey in English
B) A Black woman completing the survey in English
C) A non-Hispanic White woman completing the survey in English
D) A Hispanic woman completing the survey in Spanish

Question 39

Leila is participating in a study measuring sexual arousal to stimuli. She displays a genital response to stimuli depicting women as well as stimuli depicting men. What can you assume about her sexual preference?

A) Leila is likely homosexual.
B) Leila is likely heterosexual.
C) Leila is likely bisexual.
D) Leila is likely genderqueer.

Question 40

When the specificity of sexual arousal is compared between women and men, what do researchers find?

A) There is no difference between heterosexual men and heterosexual women.
B) Heterosexual men show higher specificity than heterosexual women.
C) Heterosexual women show higher specificity than heterosexual men.
D) Women who report being attracted to other women have lower specificity rates than either heterosexual men or heterosexual women.

Question 41

When participants completed a survey about sexual behaviour under anonymous conditions and then under the belief that the researcher would be able to tell whether they were lying, what did researchers find?

A) The gender differences in reports of autonomous sexual behaviour were reduced when participants thought lies could be detected.
B) The gender differences in reports of number of sexual partners were not affected by whether the participant thought that lies could be detected.
C) The gender difference in sexual attitudes was increased when participants thought that lying would be detected.
D) Males reported more autonomous sexual behaviours when they did not think that lying could be detected than when they did think lying could be detected.

Question 42

Which of the following is always true of someone who is a hermaphrodite?

A) The person has no testes if genetically male and no ovaries if genetically female.
B) The person has both male and female reproductive organs.
C) The person has a male genotype and a female phenotype, or vice versa.
D) The person has primary sexual characteristics of one sex and secondary sexual characteristics of the other sex.

Question 43

A study by Alexander and Fisher (2003) used the "bogus pipeline" methodology to help control for false accommodation of gender roles (i.e., self-reporting that falsely presents behaviours and/or attitudes as consistent with widespread gender norms). In this study, participants were led to believe that they were attached to a polygraph machine that could detect lies. What impact did this have on self-reported gender differences in sexual attitudes, autonomous sexual behaviours (e.g., masturbation, use of erotic materials), and numbers of sexual partners?

A) Gender differences still existed but the gap was smaller
B) There was no change in the reported gender differences
C) There were greater differences than originally anticipated between women and men
D) The threat of discovery caused most participants to drop out of the study

Question 44

A group of conditions in which the reproductive organs and/or genitals develop differently than expected is known as __________.

A) disorders of sexual development (DSDs)
B) phenotype disorders
C) dysplasia
D) hypogonadism

Question 45

When might an individual identify as intersex?

A) When they have complete male and female reproductive systems
B) When they have a disorder of sexual development
C) When they are attracted to members of both sexes
D) When they have adopted the gender identity of the other sex

Question 46

Liam was diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome. What chromosome combination does Liam most likely have?

A) XYY
B) YO
C) XXY
D) YY

Question 47

Which of the following is true of males with Klinefelter's syndrome?

A) They are usually attracted to females and do not identity as male.
B) They are usually attracted to females and identify as male.
C) They are usually attracted to males and do not identify as male.
D) They are usually attracted to males and identify as male.

Question 48

Angela carries the sex chromosome pair XO. Which disorder of sexual development does Angela have?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 49

Terms such as hermaphrodite or pseudohermaphrodite were used to describe people who were either born with both male and female sex characteristics or developed them later. To avoid the pejorative and stigmatizing effects of these terms, individuals now often identify as __________.

A) intersex
B) dualistic hermaphrodite
C) countersex
D) non-heterosexual

Question 50

Which chromosomal disorder is present in 1 in 500 to 1000 males of all ethnic backgrounds and is identified with an abnormal chromosomal complement, with the presence of one Y chromosome and two or more X chromosomes (typically XXY)?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 51

Which syndrome is usually not diagnosed until puberty, when boys present with gynecomastia (breast development), small testes, shorter-than-average penises, low testosterone levels, tall stature, verbal cognition problems, and compromised fertility?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 52

Which syndrome affects approximately 1 in 2500 females and involves abnormalities of the X chromosome that result in a missing second X chromosome, a chromosomal "monosomy"?

A) Turner's syndrome
B) Klinefelter's syndrome
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 53

Women with which syndrome tend to have a short stature, broad chest, widely spaced nipples, under-developed female physical characteristics (e.g., breasts), and problems with ovarian development and sex hormone levels, leading to infertility?

A) Turner's syndrome
B) Klinefelter's syndrome
C) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 54

Ray identifies as intersex but does not have any chromosomal or hormonal irregularities. What may have caused Ray to identify as intersex?

A) Penile ablation
B) Cloacal exstrophy
C) Penile agenesis
D) All of the above

Question 55

Hattie is more aggressive and less nurturing than her peers. Which hormonal variation does she likely have?

A) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
D) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Question 56

Which autosomal recessive genetic disorder affects cortisol synthesis in the adrenal gland, usually causing the fetus to be exposed to elevated levels of androgens produced by their adrenal gland?

A) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
B) Klinefelter's syndrome
C) Turner's syndrome
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 57

Hannah and Andrew, a genetic girl and boy, both have congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). When observing Hannah and Andrew play, what are you most likely to notice about each child as compared to their peers without CAH?

A) Increased aggression in Hannah, increased aggression in Andrew
B) Increased aggression in Hannah, no difference in Andrew
C) No difference in Hannah, increased tenderness in Andrew
D) Increased aggression in Hannah, increased tenderness in Andrew

Question 58

What of the following is true about females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A) They show increased rates of same-sex and bisexual attractions.
B) They almost always have same-sex sexual preferences.
C) They do not develop uteruses and thus cannot bear children.
D) Their sexual preference is not affected by having CAH.

Question 59

Paulina wants to become pregnant, so she has been prescribed the steroid dexamethasone, which prohibits the production of prenatal androgens. Which hormonal variation does she likely have?

A) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
D) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Question 60

Katie has XY chromosomes, but she was raised as a female, appears female, and identifies as heterosexual. Which hormonal variation does she likely have?

A) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B) Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
C) Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
D) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Question 61

A person with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) has what characteristics?

A) A male genotype and a female phenotype
B) A female genotype and a male phenotype
C) Female reproductive organs and male secondary sexual characteristics
D) Some features of male genitalia and some features of female genitalia

Question 62

Jamie is eight years old and has testes that are undescended and genitals that resemble that of a female. Which disorder of sexual development does Jamie most likely have?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C) Hermaphroditism
D) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Question 63

Which disorder of sexual development results in the most people changing gender identity at puberty?

A) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
C) Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
D) Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 64

Which of the following is the correct order of development of gender in childhood?

A) Detecting gender, having gender, gender constancy, doing gender
B) Detecting gender, doing gender, having gender, gender constancy
C) Having gender, detecting gender, gender constancy, doing gender
D) Having gender, detecting gender, doing gender, gender constancy

Question 65

Paul describes a man with long hair as a woman. What is Paul's approximate age?

A) One year
B) Two years
C) Four years
D) Five years

Question 66

Penny plays with dolls and insists on wearing dresses. What is Penny's approximate age?

A) One year
B) Two years
C) Four years
D) Five years

Question 67

Elise can accurately point to a picture of a "lady" and a "man" but cannot answer the question of whether she is a boy or a girl. What is Elise's approximate age?

A) One year
B) Two years
C) Three years
D) Four years

Question 68

Baby Ann was born in Canada in 1918. What colour would her mother likely have chosen for her first sweater, assuming her mother wanted to "show off" having a daughter?

A) Pink
B) Green
C) Yellow
D) Blue

Question 69

In a famous study by John and Sandra Condry, in which participants described the reaction of babies to a jack-in-the-box, what did researchers find?

A) When participants didn't know the sex of the child, they consistently rated the reactions of male babies as "angry" and female babies as "fearful."
B) When participants believed the child was male, they labelled the reaction as "angry." When they believed the child was female, they labelled the reaction as "fearful."
C) When participants believed the child was male, they labelled the reaction as "fearful." When they believed the child was female, they labelled the reaction as "angry."
D) When participants believed the child was male, they labelled the reaction as "angry." When they believed the child was female, they labelled the reaction as "happy."

Question 70

A person who is transgender differs from a person who is transsexual in what way?

A) A person who is transgender prefers the opposite gender role and members of the opposite sex as sex partners; a person who is transsexual prefers the opposite gender role and members of the same sex as sex partners.
B) A person who is transgender prefers the opposite gender role and members of the same sex as sex partners; a person who is transsexual prefers the opposite gender role and members of the opposite sex as sex partners.
C) A person who is transgender prefers the opposite gender role but has not had sex reassignment surgery; a person who is transsexual has had sex reassignment surgery.
D) A person who is transsexual prefers the opposite gender role but has not had sex reassignment surgery; a person who is transgender has had sex reassignment surgery.

Question 71

Sam is a transman. What was Sam's sex at birth?

A) Female
B) Male
C) Sam could have been male or female.
D) Sam's sex at birth is not related to being a transman.

Question 72

Around the age of puberty, Pat began to be interested in dressing as the other sex, and as an adult, Pat finds appearing to be the opposite sex sexually arousing. Pat is attracted to members of the opposite sex. Pat is likely which of the following?

A) A transman
B) A transwoman
C) Queer
D) A hermaphrodite

Question 73

In the past, what have some transwomen had to hide about themselves in order to be considered for sex reassignment surgery?

A) An attraction to women
B) Autogynephilia
C) Autoeroticism
D) Gender dysphoria

Question 74

What is the third stage of the process of sex reassignment?

A) Psychological and physical evaluation
B) Hormone replacement therapy
C) Starting to live as the other sex
D) Sex reassignment surgery

Question 75

Which of the following people may face the most discrimination from within the LGBTQ+ community?

A) Rae, who is a heterosexual transwoman
B) Dmitri, who is a heterosexual transman
C) Jane, who is a lesbian transwoman
D) Dana, who is a bisexual transwoman

Question 76

In which population did the term "two-spirit" originate?

A) Aboriginals people living in North and South America
B) Aboriginal people living in Australia
C) farmers in northern China
D) people living in the South Pacific

Question 77

What is the X-linked recessive disorder in which individuals born with XY chromosomes develop typically female physical characteristics, often including external female genitalia and female breasts?

A) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
B) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
C) Turner's syndrome
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 78

What disorder of sexual development is described in the following passage?
"Subject 8 is the youngest of 8 children of a poor farm family and was thought to be a normal female at the time of birth. His mother died when he was age 4 years, and he was raised by an older sister. He says that he felt different from other girls and began to exhibit male behaviour by age 6. By age 11, virilization of the external genitalia was apparent, male secondary sex characteristics began to appear, and he began to have erections; despite the inward feeling that he was a man, he kept a female social sex and worked as a maid. At age 28 he commenced a long-term sexual relationship with a woman, and he sought medical help at age 30. Psychological evaluation revealed that he had a strong male libido and masturbated an average of 3 times a day. After surgery to correct the hypospadias, he married, adopted a child, and describes a satisfactory sexual life." (Mendonca et al., 1996, p. 66)

A) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
B) 5-alpha-reducatse deficiency
C) Turner's syndrome
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 79

What term is used to describe the following two forms of learning? Observational learning, where children watch and emulate the behaviours and choices of other children and adults and operational learning or shaping, whereby gender conforming behaviours are reinforced and gender non-conforming behaviours are punished.

A) Gender socialization
B) Gender schema
C) Gender binaries
D) Gender concordance

Question 80

What is the term used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) to diagnose distress from the discrepancy between one's felt gender identity and one's biological sex, and/or the gender one was assigned at birth?

A) Gender dysphoria
B) Gender nonconformity
C) Gender concordance
D) Gender identity