Deck 11: Culture

Question 1

Culture is learned through the process of

A) indulgence.
B) consumption.
C) performance.
D) socialization.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

_______ concerns all of the social interactions, observations, and active processing of information about the values, norms, and practices of the culture.

A) Consumption
B) Socialization
C) Performance
D) Indulgence

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Cultural food preferences demonstrate the process of

A) orientation.
B) conventions.
C) desacralization.
D) enculturation.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_______ describes the process by which an individual learns about a new culture.

A) Acculturation
B) Enculturation
C) Consumption
D) Desacralization

Question 5

The process of movement, translation, and adaptation of a consumer from one cultural environment to another is known as consumer

A) enculturation.
B) acculturation.
C) intersectionality.
D) coordination.

Question 6

_______ occurs when consumers entering a new culture abandon their own culture in favor of the new culture.

A) Acculturation
B) Enculturation
C) Assimilation
D) Maintenance

Question 7

_______ occurs when consumers prefer aspects of their own culture and reject aspects of a new culture.

A) Assimilation
B) Compliance
C) Segregation
D) Resistance

Question 8

Sometimes immigrants separate themselves from some aspects of the new consumer culture. This is known as

A) segregation.
B) compliance.
C) assimilation.
D) convention.

Question 9

What is global consumer culture?

A) The private behaviors that consumers undertake to aid the transition from the private to public self
B) The extent to which the individual feels driven to conform to the subjective preferences of other cultures
C) A connection with other people around the world based on the brands and products that they enjoy
D) The process by which consumers communicate their specialized cultural knowledge

Question 10

Beliefs are

A) the thoughts an individual has about an object, idea, or person.
B) the informal societal rules that govern an individual's behavior.
C) deep-rooted and enduring ideals and guiding principles.
D) norms of behavior passed from generation to generation.

Question 11

Values are

A) deep-rooted and enduring ideals and guiding principles.
B) the informal societal rules that govern behavior.
C) norms of behavior passed from generation to generation.
D) the thoughts an individual has about an object, idea, or person.

Question 12

Honesty is a

A) belief.
B) value.
C) more.
D) ritual.

Question 13

_______ is the familiarity with people or things gained through experience and education.

A) Ethnicity
B) Indulgence
C) Knowledge
D) Collectivism

Question 14

The understanding of a culture's values and customs is referred to as cultural

A) ecology.
B) orientation.
C) identity.
D) knowledge.

Question 15

The norms of behavior that have been passed from generation to generation are called

A) archetypes.
B) values.
C) customs.
D) beliefs.

Question 16

_______ are a particular type of custom and have a strong moral overtone.

A) Cults
B) Mores
C) Myths
D) Rites

Question 17

_______ are a specific form of custom and relate to the norms for the conduct of everyday life.

A) Archetypes
B) Tribes
C) Conventions
D) Rituals

Question 18

The rituals that mark a change in a person's social status are called

A) exchange rituals.
B) holiday rituals.
C) possession rituals.
D) rites of passage.

Question 19

What is an archetype?

A) The stable characters that capture basic ideas that seem constant and frequently re-emerge across times and places
B) The relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of studying, practicing, or experiencing something
C) An internal drive that all humans have, such as the need for food, water, love, friendship, and acceptance
D) A self-definition for some individuals that rejects the simple, discrete definitions of gender and gender identity

Question 20

The term _______ refers to a symbolic and expressive activity, often involving a series of behaviors that are repeated over time.

A) ethnicity
B) ritual
C) value
D) belief

Question 21

Kristen is getting rid of her car, but first she will first remove any personal items. This is an example of which type of ritual?

A) Grooming
B) Exchange
C) Divestment
D) Possession

Question 22

Kristen is gifting her car to Matt for his birthday. This is an example of which type of ritual?

A) Exchange
B) Divestment
C) Grooming
D) Possession

Question 23

The objects and products that accompany or are consumed in a ritual setting are called ritual

A) audiences.
B) values.
C) scripts.
D) artifacts.

Question 24

What is cultural ecology?

A) The physical geography of a place and the way individuals and the cultural system have adapted to that environment
B) The stream of research that focuses on benefiting consumer welfare and quality of life across the world
C) A classification system that divides groups of people based on a composite measure of income and education
D) A field of study that examines all the external influences on a consumer, such as social class, gender, and family

Question 25

Which type of ritual is associated with transforming mass-produced products into more personal products for the home or workplace?

A) Grooming
B) Possession
C) Exchange
D) Divestment

Question 26

Which type of rituals are private behaviors consumers undertake to aid the transition from the private to public self?

A) Divestment
B) Grooming
C) Exchange
D) Possession

Question 27

The _______ dimension of Hofstede's dimensions of culture assesses the extent to which individual goals are balanced against collective or group goals.

A) masculinity-femininity
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) individualism-collectivism
D) power distance

Question 28

What occurs when we attach sacred meaning to profane consumption so that everyday products, people, places, and events are elevated and have a distinctiveness and specialness in the eyes of consumers?

A) Acculturation
B) Desacralization
C) Intersectionality
D) Sacralization

Question 29

What occurs when a sacred item, person, place, or experience is no longer special and is downgraded to the realm of "everyday" in the minds of consumers?

A) Desacralization
B) Intersectionality
C) Sacralization
D) Acculturation

Question 30

_______ describes those consumption activities that are set apart from everyday consumption activities and are treated with some degree of respect or awe.

A) Sacred consumption
B) Reverse socialization
C) Profane consumption
D) Salient belief

Question 31

_______ is the term used to capture those consumer objects and events that are more "everyday" in nature.

A) Reverse socialization
B) Salient belief
C) Profane consumption
D) Sacred consumption

Question 32

A _______ is a smaller, cohesive group of people that share similar values, beliefs, tastes, and behavioral patterns.

A) archetype
B) race
C) ritual
D) subculture

Question 33

_______ refers to the color of a person's skin and other physical features.

A) Ethnicity
B) Race
C) Culture
D) Orientation

Question 34

_______ refers to a variety of cultural factors, such as nationality, ancestry, shared customs, and language.

A) Ideology
B) Race
C) Ethnicity
D) Orientation

Question 35

_______ refers to how an individual perceives him- or herself within the broader social context.

A) Uncertainty avoidance
B) Gender identity
C) Power distance
D) Cultural ideology

Question 36

_______ is a self-definition for individuals that rejects the simple definitions of gender and gender identity.

A) Non-gender binary
B) Voluntary simplicity
C) Uncertainty avoidant
D) Performance identity

Question 37

_______ occurs when multiple identities exist at the same time.

A) Power distance
B) Intersectionality
C) Brand community
D) Acculturation

Question 38

_______ consist of a group of consumers, emotionally connected by similar consumption values and usage, who utilize a brand as the link to create a community and express identity.

A) Consumer tribes
B) Performance roles
C) Individualistic cultures
D) Possession rituals

Question 39

_______ are a specific example of gift giving, where consumers purchase things for themselves as a way of regulating their own behavior.

A) Heuristics
B) Avoidances
C) Self-gifts
D) Wants

Question 40

A _______ refers to a non-geographically bound community that is connected through brand admiration, with a structured set of social relations.

A) brand community
B) long-term orientation
C) cultural ecology
D) power distance

Question 41

One use of age-based subcultures is based on an individual's

A) gender.
B) ethnicity.
C) values.
D) generation.

Question 42

Food preferences provide a good demonstration of the process of enculturation. Why? Outline the process food-based enculturation.

Question 43

What is the difference between acculturation and enculturation? What facilitates acculturation and enculturation?

Question 44

What has contributed to the increased interest in a global consumer culture (GCC)? List at least four of the factors listed in the text that increase the likelihood of consumers to adopt a global consumer culture?

Question 45

Why should a marketing manager be aware of cultural beliefs and values before launching a new product or promotional strategy?

Question 46

Identify and describe at least two cultural archetypes that you have seen in an advertisement. What are the characteristics of those archetypes?

Question 47

What is a ritual artifact and how do they relate to a ritual script?

Question 48

What is the difference between sacralization and desacralization? Provide a detailed example of each.

Question 49

Provide three practical examples of sacred consumption.

Question 50

What are two ways of the ways that marketers use age-based subcultures to reach their target markets?

Question 51

Describe the female dimension and the masculine dimension. How do they relate to a non-gender binary individual? Why is the concept of gender identity important to marketers?

Question 52

What is a brand community? What are the three key characteristics that make a brand community unique?

Question 53

Imagine that you are conducting a consumer research study on consumer acculturation. Your study is focused on American immigrants in Italy. Clearly define the four main outcomes of consumer acculturation presented in the text. Provide an example of an individual from each outcome.

Question 54

Describe and differentiate between the three elements of the cultural system.

Question 55

Describe Hofstede's six dimensions of culture. Be sure to highlight the specific aspects of each dimension. Identify at least one critique of Hofstede.

Question 56

What is a subculture of consumption? What are the two important characteristics of subcultures? Why do marketers attempt to understand subcultures? Provide an example of a subculture based on demographic characteristics. Choose a product and sketch out a strategy for marketing to that specific subculture.