Deck 4: the Leader as an Individual

Question 1

Security, a comfortable life, and good health are examples of:

A) end values or terminal values.
B) feelings.
C) attitudes.
D) instrumental values.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Different types of personalities and thinking styles might be better suited to different types of leadership roles.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A Theory Y leader believes all EXCEPT:

A) subordinates enjoy work.
B) subordinates are lazy and dislike work.
C) subordinates seek responsibility.
D) subordinates will exercise creativity and imagination.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Hermann believes people can learn to use their "whole brain" not just one or two quadrants.

Question 5

Most leaders score consistently high on all of the Big Five dimensions.

Question 6

People's awareness of their preferences, training, and life experiences can cause them to change their preferences over time.

Question 7

A person with an external locus of control believes he is the "master of his own fate."

Question 8

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator uses four different pairs of attributes such as introversion versus extroversion.

Question 9

A Theory Y leaders believes subordinates are lazy and dislike work.

Question 10

The collection of attitudes a leader has about himself is called self-concept.

Question 11

A person with an internal locus of control:

A) believes that luck is the key to success.
B) feels that there is little control over events.
C) places primary responsibility on outside forces.
D) believes they are "masters of their own fate."

Question 12

The degree to which a person has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, and willing to consider new ideas is called:

A) emotional stability.
B) extroversion.
C) agreeableness.
D) openness to experience.

Question 13

Knowledge of individual differences gives leaders valuable insights into their own behavior as well as followers and offers a framework to diagnose a situation.

Question 14

Values cannot change throughout life because they are not learned.

Question 15

The Big Five personality dimensions include extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Question 16

Instrumental values are beliefs about the types of behavior appropriate for reaching goals.

Question 17

Perceptual defense is the tendency of perceivers to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or people that are threatening.

Question 18

Attribution theory refers to how people explain the causes of events or behaviors.

Question 19

The Big Five personality dimensions do NOT include:

A) extroversion.
B) emotional stability.
C) openness to experience.
D) education.

Question 20

Leaders can learn to work more effectively with different personality types by understanding their own personalities.

Question 21

Personal values affect how leaders perceive all EXCEPT:

A) situations.
B) authoritarianism.
C) problems.
D) opportunities.

Question 22

Factors that influence whether an attribution will be external or internal do NOT include:

A) distinctiveness.
B) consistency.
C) consensus.
D) stereotyping.

Question 23

According to the Hermann's "whole brain" concept:

A) leaders cannot learn to rely on all four quadrants of the brain.
B) leaders can learn to rely on all four quadrants of the brain.
C) the situation is the most important factor in decision making.
D) self-concept is the most important factor in decision making.

Question 24

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI):

A) expresses the belief that workers dislike their jobs.
B) suggests that leaders have specific traits.
C) is a personality test that measures how individuals solve problems.
D) determines whether a situation is favorable or unfavorable.

Question 25

Cognitive style refers to all EXCEPT:

A) how a person perceives information.
B) how a person uses information.
C) how a person interprets information.
D) how a person creates a vision.

Question 26

People tend to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to their successes and overestimate the contribution of external factors to their failures. This tendency is called:

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) self-serving bias.
C) perceptual defense.
D) attribution theory.

Question 27

Four quadrants of the brain are related to different thinking styles. This model is called:

A) the whole brain concept
B) Theory X and Theory Y.
C) The path-goal theory.
D) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Question 28

Assumptions of Theory Y include:

A) Most people must be threatened with punishment to get them to put forth effort.
B) The average human being prefers to be directed.
C) A person exercises self-direction in the service of objectives to which he or she is committed.
D) The average human being will avoid work if possible.

Question 29

A person with an overall positive self-concept has:

A) low self-esteem.
B) high self-esteem.
C) intuition.
D) end values.

Question 30

Quadrant A is associated with:

A) conceptualizing.
B) interpersonal relationships.
C) logical thinking.
D) planning.

Question 31

Behavioral scientists consider attitudes to have all the following components EXCEPT:

A) vision.
B) cognitions (thoughts).
C) behavior.
D) affect (feelings).

Question 32

A leader who is achievement oriented might assume that subordinates are also achievement oriented. This perceptual distortion is called:

A) the halo effect.
B) projection.
C) intuition.
D) stereotyping.

Question 33

Based on limited MBTI research, the two preferences in that seem to be most strongly associated with leadership are:

A) thinking and judging.
B) extroversion and feeling.
C) intuition and perceiving.
D) sensing and thinking.

Question 34

A trait that is closely related to authoritarianism is:

A) theory y.
B) agreeableness.
C) charisma.
D) dogmatism.

Question 35

Individuals differ in how they order the values into priorities because of:

A) culture.
B) family background.
C) agreeableness.
D) both culture and family background.

Question 36

Perceptional distortion, errors in perceptual judgment, include all EXCEPT:

A) perceptual defense.
B) projection.
C) sensing.
D) stereotyping.

Question 37

Values affect leadership because of all the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) values help determine the attitudes leaders have about themselves.
B) values guide a leader's choices and actions.
C) values determine how leaders use power.
D) values are a snapshot of the future for the organization.

Question 38

When the perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, ____ occurs.

A) projection
B) perceptual defense
C) the halo effect
D) external attribution

Question 39

Factors that influence whether an attribution will be external or internal include all EXCEPT:

A) Consistency.
B) Consensus.
C) Self-serving bias.
D) Distinctiveness.

Question 40

The process people use to make sense out of their surroundings by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information is called:

A) perception.
B) judging.
C) instrumental values.
D) traits.

Question 41

____________________ is an approach that considers not only a person's preference for right-brained versus left-brained thinking, but also conceptual versus experiential thinking; identifies four quadrants of the brain related to different thinking styles.

Question 42

By understanding their MBTI type, leaders can learn to:

A) select workers with certain traits.
B) avoid the fundamental attribution error.
C) maximize their strengths and minimize their weaknesses.
D) use Theory X.

Question 43

The assumption that people are basically laze and motivated to work and that they have a natural tendency to avoid responsibility is called ____________________.

Question 44

Distinguish between Theory X and Theory Y leaders.

Question 45

Carl Jung believed that differences in individual behavior resulted from:

A) preferences in how we go about gathering information.
B) preferences in how we evaluate information for solving problems.
C) both preferences in how we go about gathering information and preferences in how we evaluate information for solving problems.
D) preferences in how we use perceptual distortion.

Question 46

Describe cognitive style.

Question 47

____________________ is the collection of attitudes we have about ourselves, includes self-esteem and whether a person generally has a positive or negative feeling about himself.

Question 48

____________________ is the set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, and people in the environment.

Question 49

What is the importance of the "whole brain" concept?

Question 50

How do values affect leadership?

Question 51

____________________ refers to how a person perceives, processes, interprets, and uses information.

Question 52

Intuitive people (N):

A) rely on less direct perceptions.
B) like certainty.
C) gain energy from being around others.
D) absorb information through the five senses.

Question 53

The belief that power and status differences should exist in an organization is called ____________________.

Question 54

____________________ are fundamental beliefs that an individual considers to be important, that are relatively stable over time, and that have an impact on attitudes and behavior.

Question 55

Guidelines for leaders can learn to work with different personality types include:

A) Understand your own personality.
B) Remember that everyone wants to fit in.
C) Treat everyone with respect.
D) All of the choices

Question 56

This personality test measures how individuals differ in gathering and evaluating information for solving problems and making decisions. ____________________

Question 57

____________________ defines whether a person places primary responsibility for what happens to him within himself or on outside forces.

Question 58

____________________ are beliefs about the kind of goals or outcomes that are worth trying to pursue.

Question 59

Research indicates that leaders in the real world are about equally divided:

A) between internals and externals.
B) between Quadrant A and Quadrant D thinkers.
C) between extraverts and introverts.
D) between Theory X and Theory Y behavior.

Question 60

What guidelines can leaders use to work more effectively with different personality types?

Question 61

Leaders who recognize perceptual distortions can adjust their perceptions to match objective reality. Explain.

Question 62

Why do think that understanding how personality traits and dimensions affect behavior can be a valuable asset for leaders?

Question 63

Success as a leader involves more than mastering the knowledge and skills of a particular job. A leader's personality, values and attitudes, and thinking style also play a role. Discuss.