Deck 13: Mental Illness

Question 1

_________ said that, "from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency and lamentations."

A) Hippocrates
B) Heinrich Kraemer
C) Theodor Meynert
D) Ugo Cerletti

Answer 1

A

Question 2

________ was the originator of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

A) Hippocrates
B) Heinrich Kraemer
C) Theodor Meynert
D) Ugo Cerletti

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ is a procedure to separate connections to the frontal regions from the rest of the brain pioneered by Egas Moniz.

A) Trepanning
B) Osteotomy
C) Prefrontal leucotomy
D) Compensatory therapy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

________ can result from administration of dopamine agonists to patients.

A) Symptoms of schizophrenia
B) Symptoms of Parkinson's disease
C) Symptoms of depression
D) Symptoms of anxiety

Question 5

________ is/are among the structural changes seen in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia.

A) Larger temporal lobes
B) Larger ventricles
C) Larger thalamus volume
D) More gray matter

Question 6

Individuals with depression often show elevated levels of _________.

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) cortisol
D) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Question 7

The prefrontal cortex is referred to as the crucial convergence zone because of _______.

A) its role in making outcome-based decisions
B) its role in guiding motor responses
C) its role in regulating stress responses
D) its role in sustaining an animal's attention toward both the external and the internal environments

Question 8

_________ refers to the presence of side effects, even in placebo control groups, that may emerge if subjects are told to expect them.

A) A placebo effect
B) Pharmacotherapy
C) A nocebo effect
D) A cognitive effect

Question 9

______ is the drug of choice for bipolar disorder.

A) Clozapine
B) Chlorpromazine
C) Imipramine
D) Lithium

Question 10

_________ refers to the lifelong tendency of an individual to express anxiety.

A) Trait anxiety
B) State anxiety
C) Generalized anxiety
D) Treatment-resistant anxiety

Question 11

Anxiolytic drugs (i.e., drugs that reduce anxiety) such as benzodiazepines bind to ________ receptors.

A) NMDA
B) GABA
C) glucocorticoid (GR)
D) serotonin

Question 12

__________ has been used in combination with virtual therapy and other exposure therapies to treat anxiety.

A) Clomipramine
B) A benzodiazepine
C) D-cycloserine
D) Cortisol

Question 13

Only the ___________ seen in schizophrenia has/have been successfully modeled in rodents.

A) Hallucinations
B) Deficits in sensory gating
C) Increased fear
D) Paranoia

Question 14

An amphetamine addiction that develops following the use of a prescribed stimulant for ADHD could be considered _______.

A) evidence for psychodynamic theory
B) an example of negative symptoms
C) an iatrogenic condition
D) a case of moral weakness

Question 15

_______ is a form of neurosurgery which disconnects parts of the brain.

A) Trepanning
B) Lobotomy
C) Psychopharmacologic drugs
D) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 16

Related neurobiological mechanisms may be important for different mental illnesses because ________.

A) common neurobiological mechanisms are predicted in psychodynamic theory
B) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are typically associated with multiple disorders
C) the number of disorders described has dramatically decreased since 1952
D) drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia are also effective in treating depression

Question 17

The dopamine theory of schizophrenia is not consistent with the ________.

A) activity of neuroleptic drugs at dopamine receptors
B) distribution of dopamine receptors in the brain
C) actions of dopamine agonists administered in people
D) levels of dopamine metabolites and receptors following neuroleptic administration

Question 18

Schizophrenia concordance rates in identical (monzygotic) twins suggest that the disorder is __________.

A) primarily inherited (genetic)
B) primarily a response to nongenetic (environmental) influences.
C) strongly influenced by both genetic and nongenetic variables
D) contagious

Question 19

Chronic dopamine receptor antagonism may result in __________.

A) uncontrollable facial and tongue movements
B) positive symptoms of schizophrenia
C) an increase in white blood cells
D) weight gain

Question 20

______________ for schizophrenia might require a patient to complete a multiple-week course of memory exercises.

A) Antipsychotic therapy
B) Concordance
C) Compensatory therapy
D) Cognitive remediation treatment

Question 21

The pharmacological actions of imipramine support _____________.

A) the molecular hypothesis of depression
B) the network hypothesis of depression
C) the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) hypothesis of depression
D) the monoamine hypothesis of depression

Question 22

The effort-based reward theory proposes that depression rates increasing in Western societies because ________.

A) the physical effort required to obtain rewarding outcomes has increased substantially
B) people in Western societies are moving less than they used to
C) the number of rewards in Western societies has increased substantially
D) the number of rewards in Western societies has decreased substantially

Question 23

________ directly targets the prefrontal cortex to treat depression.

A) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
B) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
C) Pharmacotherapy
D) Behavioral activation therapy

Question 24

When ketamine is used as an antidepressant ______.

A) it reduces dendritic spine activity in the prefrontal cortex.
B) its effects can be observed within hours
C) it facilitates the action of the NMDA receptor.
D) it reduces BDNF function.

Question 25

The ________ receptor has been argued to play a key role in terminating a stress response.

A) GABA_A
B) NMDA
C) mineralocorticoid
D) glucocorticoid

Question 26

The highest efficacy rate of any treatment for mental illness belongs to ________.

A) the use of antidepressants to treat anxiety disorders
B) behavioral activation therapy for depression
C) exposure therapy for phobias
D) lithium for bipolar disorder

Question 27

________ suggests that compulsive behaviors have evolutionary causes.

A) The observations of schizophrenia in rats
B) The prevalence of spider phobias compared to gun phobias
C) The effectiveness of pharmacotherapies
D) Phobias that are culturally learned

Question 28

After the administration of a dopamine agonist to a rat ________.

A) a preceding noise is no longer able to inhibit the startle response to a subsequent louder noise
B) a preceding noise is no longer able to facilitate the startle response to a subsequent louder noise.
C) the rats startle more to all noises.
D) the rats startle less to all noises.

Question 29

A condition that is caused by a physician or medical treatment is called an ________ condition.

A) iatrogenic
B) meditropic
C) therapeucentric
D) none of the above options are correct

Question 30

The Malleus Maleficarum (or Hammer of the Witches) attributed abnormal behavior to ______________.

A) being under a curse
B) punishment for sins of the parents
C) socializing with the Devil
D) sexual immorality

Question 31

In the mid-19th century ______________ started examining brain tissue from deceased individuals who had suffered from mental illness.

A) Emil Kraepelin
B) Theodor Meynert
C) Alois Alzheimer
D) Eugen Bleuler

Question 32

_________ formed one of the earliest clinical neuroscience laboratories at the university psychiatry clinic in Heidelberg.

A) Emil Kraepelin
B) Theodor Meynert
C) Alois Alzheimer
D) Eugen Bleuler

Question 33

_________ reported specific neuropathology that was consistent with a form of dementia, or mental deterioration that now bears his name.

A) Emil Kraepelin
B) Theodor Meynert
C) Alois Alzheimer
D) Eugen Bleuler

Question 34

Sigmund Freud embraced the idea that mental events could produce mental illness symptoms because of the lectures of ___________.

A) Jean-Martin Charcot
B) Franz Nissl
C) Emil Kraepelin
D) Ugo Cerletti

Question 35

___________ is a practice originating in prehistoric times that involved drilling holes in the skull to relieve symptoms of what we now call mental illness.

A) Trepanning
B) Osteotomy
C) Lobotomy
D) Fasting

Question 36

The transorbital lobotomy was developed by ___________ as a treatment for psychiatric symptoms.

A) Carlyle Jacobsen and John Fulton
B) Egas Moniz and Almeida Lima
C) Walter Freeman and James Watts
D) Ugo Cerletti

Question 37

_______ has been criticized for pathologizing behavioral patterns that were not previously viewed as consistent with mental illness.

A) Freud's psychodynamic theory
B) The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
C) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4^th edition (DSM-IV)
D) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5^th edition (DSM-5)

Question 38

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia _______.

A) include delusions
B) include hallucinations
C) are decreased by most antipsychotic medications
D) all of the above options are correct

Question 39

Nobel Prize winner Arvid Carlsson proposed the ___________.

A) monoamine hypothesis of depression.
B) serotonin hypothesis of depression
C) molecular hypothesis of depression
D) dopamine theory of schizophrenia

Question 40

When ___________ was given to Parkinson's disease patients schizophrenia symptoms often emerged.

A) a dopamine agonist
B) chlorpramazine
C) an antihistamne
D) a benzodiazepine

Question 41

The clinical efficacy of a ___________ drug correlates with how effectively it blocks dopamine receptors.

A) antidepressant
B) antianxiety
C) anticonvulsant
D) neuroleptic

Question 42

Due to the smoking behavior of some schizophrenic patients ___________ is being investigated for its potential involvement in the disorder.

A) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
B) The α 7-nicotinic receptor
C) GABA_A receptor
D) β-adrenergic

Question 43

Drugs modulating the ___________ receptor improve both negative and cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia.

A) GABA_A receptor
B) NMDA
C) AMPA
D) β-adrenergic

Question 44

High doses of the glutamate receptor antagonist ___________ produce symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) clozapine
B) phenylcyclohexylpiperidine
C) iproniazid
D) valproate

Question 45

Pyramidal neurons in the third layer of the ___________ have smaller cell bodies and fewer dendritic spines in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls.

A) dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortex
B) subiculum
C) entorhinal cortex
D) insula

Question 46

Misaligned neurons in the ___________ have been observed in individuals with schizophrenia.

A) entorhinal cortex
B) dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortex
C) hippocampus
D) insula

Question 47

The case of ___________ illustrates genetic and environmental factors in the origins of schizophrenia.

A) the identical Genain quadruplets
B) Sheri Storm
C) Howard Dully
D) Susannah Cahalan.

Question 48

The risk of schizophrenia in individuals living in urban conditions ___________ of their life was greater than that observed in residents of rural areas.

A) the first year
B) the last 25 years
C) the first 15 years
D) the first 5 years

Question 49

Individuals characterized as living with minimal social support were ___________ likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia even after all other relevant factors were appropriately controlled.

A) twice as
B) half as
C) equally as
D) 15 times as

Question 50

___________ is a condition of uncontrollable facial and tongue movements seen as a side effect of neuroleptic drugs.

A) Iatrogenicity
B) Dementia praecox
C) Tardive dyskinesia
D) Autoimmune encephalitis

Question 51

___________ of patients who do not respond to first-generation antipsychotics respond successfully to clozapine.

A) 90%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 30%

Question 52

___________ channel inhibitors present a novel therapeutic approach for schizophrenia.

A) Calcium
B) Sodium
C) Chloride
D) Potassium

Question 53

About ___________ of schizophrenia patients fail to respond to any variation of antipsychotic medications.

A) 50%
B) 30%
C) 20%
D) 5%

Question 54

Using ___________ to differentiate reality-based from non-reality-based perceptions and beliefs could provide a non-drug treatment for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) cognitive strategies
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) fear learning

Question 55

___________ instructs patients on effective tools and strategies to help them compensate for the cognitive impairment accompanying schizophrenia.

A) Antipsychotic therapy
B) Concordance therapy
C) Compensatory therapy
D) Cognitive remediation treatment

Question 56

fMRI scans of medicated schizophrenia patients following memory-focused cognitive remediation training showed ________ when compared to nontrained patients.

A) increased activation of the hippocampus
B) increased activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
C) increased activation of the medulla
D) decreased activation of the amygdala

Question 57

Approximately ________ of the U.S. population will suffer from depression at some point during their lives.

A) 6%
B) 30%
C) 17%
D) 50%

Question 58

Approximately ________ of the population is suffering from depression at any given time.

A) 6%
B) 1%
C) 17%
D) 10%

Question 59

Close to ________ of women will experience depression ________ at some point in their lives.

A) 50%
B) 13%
C) 9%
D) 21%

Question 60

Close to ________ of men will experience depression at some point in their lives.

A) 50%
B) 13%
C) 9%
D) 21%

Question 61

Major depression has a concordance rate in identical twins of ________.

A) 50-70%
B) 20-30%
C) 100%
D) 10-20%

Question 62

________ was originally given to patients as an antihistamine, but it was also observed to have antidepressant effects.

A) Clozapine
B) Phenylcyclohexylpiperidine
C) Iproniazid
D) Imipramine

Question 63

The monoamine hypothesis of depression states that depression symptoms are caused by________.

A) low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
B) low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine
C) low levels of serotonin and dopamine
D) low levels of acetylcholine and dopamine

Question 64

Lower levels of a breakdown product of ________ were found in the CSF of patients diagnosed with depression.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) cortisol
D) acetylcholine

Question 65

The ________________ suggests that depression is the product of long-term molecular changes in the brain.

A) dopamine hypothesis of depression
B) monoamine hypothesis of depression
C) serotonin of depression
D) molecular hypothesis of depression

Question 66

Compared with healthy control subjects, higher levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and CRH are found in ________ patients.

A) bipolar
B) schizophrenic
C) anxious
D) depressed

Question 67

When ________ patients are administered dexamethosone they respond with higher levels of cortisol compared to controls.

A) bipolar
B) schizophrenic
C) anxious
D) depressed

Question 68

There is evidence of diminished ___________ levels in autopsied brains of suicide victims compared with the brains of nondepressed individuals.

A) BDNF
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) cortisol
D) CRH

Question 69

The lack of pleasure experienced by depressed patients is referred to as ___________.

A) lethargy
B) dyspepsia
C) anhedonia
D) malaise

Question 70

The increased positive feelings depressed patients reported compared to nondepressed subjects after an injection of amphetamine implicates the ________ in depression.

A) dorsal striatum
B) nucleus accumbens
C) hippocampus
D) substantia nigra

Question 71

Postmortem examination of brains of depressed patients has revealed cellular loss and atrophy in the ________.

A) dorsal striatum
B) parietal cortex
C) prefrontal cortex
D) substantia nigra

Question 72

The delay between when patients start taking antidepressants and when they report relief from symptoms suggests these drugs work by modifying ________.

A) a chemical imbalance
B) receptor binding
C) neurotransmitter release
D) activity-dependent neuroplasticity

Question 73

Because repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) does not induce actual seizures, fewer side effects are observed than with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), although some patients have reported ________.

A) headaches
B) ringing in the ears
C) blurred vision
D) tingling in the hands and feet

Question 74

The antidepressant iproniazid belongs to the class of drugs known as ________.

A) monoamine oxidase inhibitors
B) tricyclics
C) selective serotonin uptake inhibitors
D) anticonvulsants

Question 75

The antidepressant imipramine belongs to the class of drugs known as ________.

A) monoamine oxidase inhibitors
B) tricyclics
C) selective serotonin uptake inhibitors
D) anticonvulsants

Question 76

The antidepressant fluoxetine belongs to the class of drugs known as ________.

A) monoamine oxidase inhibitors
B) tricyclics
C) selective serotonin uptake inhibitors
D) anticonvulsants

Question 77

The bipolar disorder treatment valproate belongs to the class of drugs known as ________.

A) monoamine oxidase inhibitors
B) tricyclics
C) selective serotonin uptake inhibitors
D) anticonvulsants

Question 78

________ Therapy for depression focuses on how the patient interacts with the environment with the objective of identifying behaviors that keep the patient from achieving his or her goals.

A) Behavioral Activation
B) Cognitive Remediation
C) Compensatory
D) Nocebo

Question 79

Cognitive therapy for depression may facilitate adaptive ________ changes via the PFC while antidepressants may promote a ________ therapeutic approach via the limbic system.

A) top-down; bottom-up
B) bottom-up; top-down
C) emotionally oriented; abstract conceptual
D) classically conditioned; operant conditioned

Question 80

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) studies suggest that the ________ is a key area contributing to profound sadness in depressed patients.

A) nucleus accumbens
B) subcallosal cingulate gyrus
C) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D) hippocampus