Deck 11: Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies

Question 1

_________ are chemicals which are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands to regulate the activity of cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body.

A) Neurotransmitters
B) Neuromodulators
C) Hormones
D) Secretions

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Hormones released by the hypothalamus travel to the pituitary via the ________.

A) capillaries
B) middle cerebral artery
C) cerebral ventricles
D) portal system

Answer 2

D

Question 3

__________ is a genetic condition seen in infants due exposure to higher-than-normal levels of androgens during gestation.

A) Hypercortisolemia
B) Hypothalamic Chondroplasia
C) Pituitary adenoma
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In monogamous species known as ________ both males and females participate in raising the young.

A) biparental
B) supportives
C) coparentals
D) cooperatives

Question 5

Rat sexual behavior depends on the female's approximately four-day long ________ cycle.

A) quaternary
B) circadian
C) estrous
D) quotidian

Question 6

In female rats, mating-ready or ________ behavior, consists of hopping and darting around the cage as well as wiggling the ears.

A) proceptive
B) receptive
C) suggestive
D) encouraging

Question 7

The ________ is a cluster of genes that encode proteins providing information about the ability of the immune system to combat a diverse array of threats.

A) epigenetic complex
B) multihistocompatibility complex (MHC)
C) pathogenicity complex
D) immunoexpressive complex

Question 8

In the early 1990s, neuroscientist Simon LeVay reported that the _________ nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus was smaller in both homosexual men and heterosexual women compared with heterosexual men.

A) sexually dimorphic
B) vestibular
C) INAH3
D) mammilothalamic

Question 9

In both male mice and humans, _______ is important in ejaculation and orgasm.

A) serotonin.
B) histamine
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine

Question 10

Increased rates of neurogenesis have been observed during both pregnancy and lactation in the _________ of rats.

A) paraventricular zone
B) subventricular zone
C) periaqueductal gray
D) medial amygdala

Question 11

Higher levels of ______ and _______ are found in men just prior to the births of their babies than in controls who were not expectant fathers.

A) dopamine; serotonin
B) prolactin; cortisol
C) oxytocin; vitamin D
D) serotonin; epinephrine

Question 12

In species where relatives and even unrelated adults help parents care for their young, this behavior is known as _________.

A) alloparenting
B) collectivism
C) cooperativity
D) epiparental activity

Question 13

The ________ hypothesis suggests that for an animal nearing the end of its reproductive stage of life, the more adaptive option is to invest all available effort to ensure the survival of its last possible offspring.

A) first-in, last-out
B) grandparenting
C) alloparenting
D) terminal investment

Question 14

Approximately __________ studies have demonstrated implantable pumps are a reliable delivery system for hormones, drugs and other neurochemicals.

A) 400
B) 500
C) 1,300
D) 13,000

Question 15

___________ pumps deliver drugs in a more predictable fashion and are less affected by gastrointestinal variables than other drug delivery systems.

A) Osmotic
B) Microsyringe
C) Dialysis
D) Molecular

Question 16

_______ performed the first endocrinological research project by reimplanting testicles into roosters.

A) Paul Zak
B) Frank Beach
C) Arnold Berthold
D) John R. Brinkley

Question 17

Steroid hormones display the property of _______.

A) not easily crossing cell membranes
B) suppressing reproductive behaviors
C) being derived from cholesterol and fat-soluble
D) being produced only in the brain

Question 18

Hypothalamic peptide hormones are synthesized in the ______ and released from the ________ of the neuron

A) neuron; terminal endings
B) terminal endings; cell body
C) dendrite; cell body
D) axon; action potential

Question 19

Hormones may have very different effects during the prenatal and later life stages of an animal, a concept best described by the terms ________.

A) activational and organizational
B) prenatal and postnatal
C) juvenile and adult
D) predispositional and dispositional

Question 20

In cases of a 5-α reductase deficiency, what is the characteristic outcome?

A) A baby born with male genitalia, but is genetically female
B) A baby born with no genitalia, but develops them later
C) A baby born with female genitalia, but is genetically male
D) A rapid development of internal reproductive organs

Question 21

The prairie vole an example of a __________ species.

A) biparental
B) supportive
C) coparental
D) cooperative

Question 22

______________ pair-bonding behavior is characterized by higher oxytocin receptor densities in the lateral septum, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and amygdala.

A) Multigamous
B) Monogamous
C) Nonmonogamous
D) Plurigamous

Question 23

Which of the following conclusions is incorrect about dogs and wolves raised in environments with similar exposure to humans?

A) Wolves are not predisposed to learn human gestures.
B) Dogs are predisposed to learn human gestures.
C) Dogs are not as smart as wolves.
D) Wolves would be more difficult to train and domesticate.

Question 24

In the rat world, proceptive behavior consists of ______________.

A) sharing food and water
B) arching the back and holding the tail in a position that facilitates penetration.
C) aggressive playing and biting
D) hopping and darting around the cage and wiggling the ears.

Question 25

Which of the following reasons is not why spatial abilities are thought to be related to reproductive behavior?

A) Animals must remember where they were born to live with their parents.
B) Parents must know the terrain to locate the appropriate resources for their offspring.
C) Animals must find each other prior to sexual behavior.
D) Animals must remember areas to avoid where predators could harm offspring

Question 26

After adjusting for overall brain size, the amygdala is significantly ______in ______ than in ______.

A) smaller; men; women
B) larger; men; women
C) more active; men; women
D) less active; men; women

Question 27

The statement "mothers are made, not born" should be taken to mean that ________.

A) anyone can be a good mother if she reads enough parenting books
B) the anxiety of raising kids will eventually train a parent into being better
C) mothers begin to observe other parents once they have a child
D) hormones during pregnancy prepare the mother to care for offspring.

Question 28

Rat mothers find _____ to be a more powerful reward than cocaine.

A) heroin
B) their own pups
C) a mate
D) high fat food

Question 29

With regard to paternal behaviors, the California deer mouse is to ______ as the common deer mouse is to ________.

A) South American fathers; North American fathers
B) Aka Kung fathers; Kalahari Kung fathers
C) Western fathers; Eastern fathers
D) Aboriginal fathers, Inuit fathers

Question 30

The terminal investment hypothesis was studied in ________.

A) Tawny frogmouth
B) Titmouse
C) Hoary puffleg
D) Blue-footed booby bird.

Question 31

One might expect that a ________ might experience a very sharp rise in oxytocin during a wedding ceremony.

A) bride
B) guest
C) photographer
D) caterer

Question 32

It can be said that ______________ was the first behavioral endocrinologist.

A) John R. Brinkley
B) Bill Stittsworth
C) Arnold Berthold
D) Paul Zak

Question 33

______________ wrote the definitive textbook that launched the discipline of behavioral endocrinology, Hormones and Behavior.

A) Paul Zak
B) Frank Beach
C) Arnold Berthold
D) John R. Brinkley

Question 34

Oxytocin and vasopressin are technically ______________ because they are released by a neuron instead of an endocrine gland.

A) catecholamines
B) neurohormones
C) glucocorticoids
D) neurotransmitters

Question 35

Somatosatin is released from the ___________.

A) hypothalamus
B) anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary
D) thyroid gland

Question 36

Aldosterone is released from the ___________.

A) adrenal cortex
B) adrenal medulla
C) pancreas
D) testicles

Question 37

Epinephrine is released from the ___________.

A) adrenal cortex
B) adrenal medulla
C) pancreas
D) testicles

Question 38

Glucagon is released from the ___________.

A) pineal gland
B) thyroid gland
C) parathyroid gland
D) pancreas

Question 39

Steroid hormones include _______.

A) oxytocin, vasopressin, and calcitonin
B) prolactin and insulin
C) aldosterone, cortisol, and progesterone
D) norepinephrine, epinephrine, and melatonin

Question 40

Amine hormones are derived from _______.

A) cholesterol
B) the amino acid tyrosine
C) short chains of amino acids
D) chains of more than 50 amino acids

Question 41

Peptide and protein hormones _______.

A) are derived from cholesterol and are fat soluble
B) are derived from the amino acid tyrosine
C) cannot travel easily across the cell membrane
D) can easily travel across the cell membrane

Question 42

Amine, peptide, and protein hormones _______.

A) are derived from cholesterol and are fat soluble
B) can easily travel across the cell membrane
C) are derived from the amino acid tyrosine
D) depend on activation of cell membrane receptors to carry out their function

Question 43

___________ determined the importance of hormone exposure during a time-limited sensitive period of prenatal development.

A) Frank Beach
B) William C. Young
C) Paul Zak
D) Arnold Berthold

Question 44

___________ is the contemporary term which refers to any variation from typical XX or XY development.

A) hermaphrodite
B) biparental
C) intersex
D) asexual

Question 45

Female reproductive hormones start out as ___________ in the ovaries of females.

A) androgens
B) amine hormones
C) peptide hormones
D) protein hormones

Question 46

The enzymatic conversion of testosterone and androstenedione into estrogens is called___________.

A) aromatization
B) feminization
C) demasculinization
D) reduction

Question 47

Long lasting structural differentiation caused by the prenatal actions of hormones is referred to as an effect on brain ___________.

A) disposition
B) predisposition
C) organization
D) activation

Question 48

The effects of hormones on the brains of mature animals are referred to as effects on _______.

A) disposition
B) predisposition
C) organization
D) activation

Question 49

Exposure to sex hormones early in development influences the ___________ of both behavior and reproductive anatomy.

A) absence
B) inhibition
C) sexual differentiation
D) activation

Question 50

The medial preoptic nucleus is also known as the ___________ because of its differential sizes in males and females.

A) sexually dimorphic nucleus
B) masculinization nucleus
C) alpha male nucleus
D) androgenic nucleus

Question 51

Hormone-like substances called ___________ may produce more masculinized sexual behavior in rats.

A) prostaglandins
B) amines
C) tonins
D) indoles

Question 52

Differences in ___________ in the medial preoptic area of rats may provide the mechanism for sexual differentiation in the brain.

A) androgen levels
B) estrogen levels
C) microglial shape and structure
D) electrical activity

Question 53

The sex-determining region on the Y chromosome called the ___________ is important for encoding a protein that initiates the male sexual differentiation process.

A) SRY gene
B) MASC gene
C) TEST gene
D) ANDRO gene

Question 54

Androgens in males suppress the ___________ and stimulate the transformation of the ___________ into the male internal genitalia.

A) Wolffian ducts, Müllerian ducts
B) Müllerian ducts, SRY ducts
C) Müllerian ducts, Wolffian ducts
D) Wolffian ducts, SRY ducts

Question 55

In females, due to the absence of androgens, the ___________ are suppressed and the ___________ develop into the female internal genitalia.

A) Wolffian ducts, Müllerian ducts
B) Müllerian ducts, SRY ducts
C) Müllerian ducts, Wolffian ducts
D) Wolffian ducts, SRY ducts

Question 56

___________ is a condition marked by ambiguous-looking genitalia at birth and is treated with hormone therapy.

A) Hypercortisolemia
B) Hypothalamic Chondroplasia
C) Pituitary adenoma
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 57

Women born with ___________ have better spatial abilities than matched control subjects.

A) Hypercortisolemia
B) Hypothalamic Chondroplasia
C) Pituitary adenoma
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 58

Women born with ___________ have shown higher rates of homosexuality and bisexuality as adults.

A) Hypercortisolemia
B) Hypothalamic Chondroplasia
C) Pituitary adenoma
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 59

___________ is a human genetic condition that inhibits the production of an enzyme that is necessary for the development of male external genitalia during gestation.

A) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
B) Müller's syndrome
C) 5-α reductase deficiency
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 60

At puberty, ________ is no longer necessary for human male sexual development.

A) aromatization
B) 5-α reductase
C) testosterone
D) androstenedione

Question 61

________ a disorder characterized by receptor insensitivity to androgens during prenatal development.

A) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
B) Müller's syndrome
C) 5-α reductase deficiency
D) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 62

Both XY Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and XX women displayed ________ compared to male subjects when shown sexually arousing images.

A) less amygdala activation
B) more amygdala activation
C) equivalent amygdala activation
D) reduced heart rates

Question 63

________ of mammalian species exhibit monogamy, characterized by the formation of strong pair bonds.

A) Approximately 1%
B) 3-5%
C) 9%
D) 35%

Question 64

In ________ even after one partner dies, the living partner rarely forms a new pair bond.

A) montane voles
B) prairie voles
C) rats
D) mice

Question 65

The posterior pituitary hormones, ________, are involved in the formation of these strong social and romantic bonds.

A) gonadotropin-releasing hormone and dopamine
B) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
C) oxytocin and vasopressin
D) estrogen and testosterone

Question 66

Given the opportunity, following a sexual encounter, a male montane vole will spend more time in a ________.

A) cage with its mate
B) cage with a novel female
C) cage with a view of other voles
D) a neutral cage by itself

Question 67

Given the opportunity following a sexual encounter, a male prairie vole will spend more time in a ________.

A) cage with its mate
B) cage with a novel female
C) cage with a view of other voles
D) neutral cage by itself

Question 68

Compared to the nonmonogamous montane vole, the prairie vole has a denser distribution of vasopressin V1a receptors in the ________.

A) medial PFC
B) lateral septum
C) ventral pallidum
D) ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 69

Compared to the nonmonogamous montane vole, the prairie vole has a denser distribution of oxytocin receptors in the ________________.

A) amygdala
B) lateral septum
C) nucleus accumbens
D) ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 70

Compared to the nonmonogamous montane vole, the prairie vole has a denser distribution of dopamine D₂ receptors in the ________________.

A) medial PFC
B) nucleus accumbens
C) amygdala
D) ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 71

Human research suggests that oxytocin promotes ________.

A) trust
B) empathy
C) altruism
D) all of the above options are correct

Question 72

Urinary oxytocin levels ________ in dog owners allowed to look at their dogs for 30 minutes compared to dog owners that weren't.

A) were higher
B) were lower
C) were the same
D) were undetecable

Question 73

The stages of the rat estrous cycle are proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and ___________.

A) anestrus
B) biestrus
C) diestrus
D) triestrus

Question 74

During lordosis a female rat ___________.

A) increases dendritic spine and synapse density
B) wiggles her ears
C) darts around the cage
D) arches her back and holds her tail in a position that facilitates penetration from the male

Question 75

Female rat proceptive (flirting) responses are controlled by the ________.

A) vomeronasal organ (VNO)
B) medial preoptic area (MPOA)
C) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
D) amygdala

Question 76

Lordosis in female rats is controlled by the ________.

A) vomeronasal organ (VNO)
B) medial preoptic area (MPOA)
C) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
D) amygdala

Question 77

In the male rat, lesions of the ________ disrupt the male's copulatory behavior, although they leave his motivation intact.

A) vomeronasal organ (VNO)
B) medial preoptic area (MPOA)
C) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
D) amygdala

Question 78

In the male rat, lesions of the ________ disrupt the male's sexual motivation, although they leave his copulatory behavior intact.

A) vomeronasal organ (VNO)
B) medial preoptic area (MPOA)
C) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
D) amygdala

Question 79

Female rodents will prefer a mate whose ________ is less like her own.

A) SRY gene region
B) multihistocompatibility complex (MHC)
C) vomeronasal organ (VNO)
D) aromatase activity

Question 80

In a blind test between the smelly t-shirts, human females preferred ________.

A) those worn by male relatives
B) those worn by other women
C) those worn by people with vegetarian diets
D) those worn by men that were unrelated