Deck 10: Emotional Expression and Regulation

Question 1

_________ conducted pioneering research a half century ago in which he identified universal facial expressions that could be understood across cultures.

A) Paul Ekman
B) Charles Darwin
C) Jeffrey Mogil
D) Jaak Panksepp

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to ________, different bodily reactions that occur in re?sponse to different stimuli lead to the experience of emotions.

A) The James-Lange theory of emotion
B) Darwin's theory of emotion
C) The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D) The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 2

A

Question 3

__________ emphasizes the role of context-dependent cognitive interpretation in transforming general arousal to a specific emotion such as fear or happiness.

A) The James-Lange theory of emotion
B) Darwin's theory of emotion
C) The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D) The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 3

D

Question 4

________ is characterized by increased exploratory behavior and a dampening of emotional responses like fear and aggression.

A) Intermittent explosive disorder
B) Submission
C) Klüver-Bucy syndrome
D) Conditioned defeat

Question 5

________ is displayed when a person is highly emotionally aroused, as with out-of-control anger.

A) Reactive-impulsive aggression
B) Controlled-instrumental aggression
C) Lesions of the septum
D) Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex

Question 6

When male prairie voles are castrated ________.

A) aggression increases
B) aggression decreases
C) aggression increases, then drops
D) aggression levels stay the same

Question 7

Generally, high levels of serotonin in rodents are associated with ________.

A) increased sustained aggression
B) increased aggression that is short lasting
C) decreased aggression
D) no change in aggression

Question 8

Much has been learned about aggression using a ________ animal model of conditioned defeat.

A) rat
B) hamster
C) mouse
D) monkey

Question 9

The ________ ultimately stimulates relevant brain areas that initiate the many components of a fear response.

A) central amygdala
B) lateral amygdala
C) sensory cortex
D) thalamu

Question 10

In order to reproduce, the parasite Toxoplasma gondii __________________ in its rodent host.

A) increases motivation toward certain types of foods
B) decreases the fear of cat urine
C) decreases sensory processing
D) decreases aggression

Question 11

Children born with Williams Syndrome _________________.

A) are highly social and have no social stress or anxiety
B) exhibit greater amygdala activation to fearful facial expressions
C) are particularly sensitive to dangerous contexts
D) are indistinguishable from those not afflicted with Williams syndrome

Question 12

Natural circulating levels of ________ provide a buffer against the effects of stress hormones in the brain and other tissue.

A) DHEA
B) corticotropin-releasing hormone
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine

Question 13

Brain imaging studies point to role of the _________ in cognitive reappraisal.

A) prefrontal cortical areas
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Question 14

Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis would be consistent with ___________.

A) physiological emotional responses guiding risky decision making
B) regulating emotional responses by reassessing an emotional event
C) chronic stress leading to exhaustion and disease
D) stress inhibiting the immune system

Question 15

When stress is acute or is present for short durations, much evidence suggests that stress leads to ___________.

A) suppression of immune function
B) no changes in immune function
C) unpredictable effects on immune function
D) enhancement of immune function

Question 16

An increase in vagal tone is linked to _______.

A) stress hormone release
B) cocaine administration
C) a reduction in heart rate
D) aggression

Question 17

Positive emotional experiences are thought to involve many of the same brain mechanisms as aversive emotional experiences do, with additional activation of _______.

A) Schachter-Singer circuits
B) unidentified brain regions
C) the brain's reward system
D) primary visual cortex

Question 18

The point of view holds that those that exhibit smiling behavior might actually make themselves feel happier?

A) The James-Lange theory of emotion
B) Darwin's theory of emotion
C) The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D) The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Question 19

Based on Papez's thinking, what projection might lead someone who had just been frightened to make an advance toward someone they find attractive?

A) Mammillothalamic tract
B) Stria terminalis
C) Nigrostriatal pathway
D) Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 20

The attentional deficit observed in the attentional blink task diminishes __________.

A) with real physical eye-blinking
B) when the second stimulus is presented immediately after the initial stimulus
C) when the amygdala is damaged
D) when the second stimulus elicits a heightened emotion response

Question 21

Lesions of the __________ result in increased aggression, suggesting that this area inhibits aggressive displays.

A) orbitofrontal cortex
B) bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
C) anterior hypothalamus
D) medial amygdala

Question 22

Mice genetically engineered to lack the ______________ transporter exhibit increased aggression.

A) serotonin
B) acetylcholine
C) histamine
D) dopamine

Question 23

Which of the following have been observed in hamsters trained in conditioned defeat?

A) Both winners and losers exhibit high levels of glucocorticoids.
B) Hamsters must be provoked before aggression is observed.
C) Winners exhibit more activity in the initial aggressive encounter than losers.
D) Previously defeated hamsters will exhibit submissive behaviors, even with smaller hamsters

Question 24

Lesions of the ______________ do not prevent fear conditioning to an auditory stimulus.

A) auditory thalamus
B) lateral amygdala
C) auditory cortex
D) central amygdala

Question 25

The patient, SM, would likely be unable to ______________.

A) identify an object placed in their hand
B) remember someone they had met yesterday
C) learn to play the guitar
D) determine whether a person they just met is threatening

Question 26

The release of cortisol results in improved ________.

A) emotional memory
B) growth
C) digestion
D) immune response

Question 27

The activation of NPY receptors in the brain would be expected to result in ________.

A) an increase in anxiety
B) an increased risk for PTSD
C) an inability to remember a stressful event
D) increased cortisol release

Question 28

Hallmarks of reactive coping include ________.

A) higher activation of the HPA axis in response to stress
B) greater likelihood to make a risky escape in a stressful situation
C) generally greater motor activity
D) exhibiting more adaptive strategies in response to change

Question 29

An example of cognitive reappraisal would be ________.

A) avoiding a particular store because someone you dislike shops there often
B) smiling while doing a task that you hate
C) telling yourself that your friend probably missed your birthday because they were sick
D) a mother kissing a child's cut to ease the pain

Question 30

Which of the following rats exhibits the most ultrasonic "laughing" vocalizations in response to rapid finger movements?

A) Isolated rats
B) Social-housed rats
C) Dominant rats
D) Submissive

Question 31

Walter Cannon termed death caused by fear or belief in being condemned to death as ________ death.

A) "fight or flight"
B) voodoo
C) psychogenic
D) psychosomatic

Question 32

Walter Cannon suggested that "voodoo death" resulted from ______________.

A) persistent and extreme activation of the sympathetic nervous system
B) overactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system
C) toxins secretly administered to the victim
D) pre-existing health conditions unrelated to the circumstances

Question 33

Curt Richter suggested that "voodoo death" resulted from ______________.

A) persistent and extreme activation of the sympathetic nervous system
B) overactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system
C) toxins secretly administered to the victim
D) pre-existing health conditions unrelated to the circumstances

Question 34

Studies suggest that sympathetic activation, even in animals whose adrenal glands had been removed, leads to ______________.

A) respiratory problems
B) drops in blood pressure
C) cardiac lesions
D) cocaine self-administration

Question 35

We can define ___________ as subjective feelings that are influenced by activation of various parts of our central and peripheral nervous systems.

A) emotions
B) fears
C) stress
D) anxiety

Question 36

___________introduced the idea that animals experience emotions in a fashion similar to humans.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Walter Cannon
C) Curt Richter
D) Paul Ekman

Question 37

___________ are barely perceptible brief facial expression fragments associated with deception and lying.

A) Deception masks
B) Pseudo-displays
C) Facial microexpressions
D) Subvocalizations

Question 38

Primates display emotions with distinct ________________ during play, aggression, and threat.

A) facial expressions
B) sounds
C) body movements
D) hand gestures

Question 39

William James suggested that emotions were the body's adaptations and responses to ___________.

A) stress
B) instincts
C) emotive stimuli
D) learned cues

Question 40

The removal of the cortex in cats resulted in uncontrolled dis?plays of emotion known as ___________.

A) paradoxical rage
B) Pavlovian disinhibition
C) voodoo emotion
D) sham rage

Question 41

The work of ___________ introduced the technique of using precise, experimentally induced brain lesions to investigate the fundamental mechanisms of emotions.

A) Cannon and Bard
B) Paul Ekman
C) James and Lange
D) Charles Darwin

Question 42

Patients with spinal cord injuries in a conditioned fear task show ___________ in an fMRI compared to non-injured controls.

A) no difference in brain activation
B) diminished activation in the prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate
C) increased activation in the prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate
D) diminished activation in the prefrontal cortex and increased activation in the posterior cingulate

Question 43

Cannon and Bard proposed that the ___________was a key brain region generating the expression of emotional experiences.

A) hippocampus
B) orbitofrontal cortex
C) posterior cingulate
D) hypothalamus

Question 44

In Papez's circuit, the ___________ played a pivotal role in directing information cortically and subcortically, resulting in emotional thoughts and feelings.

A) cingulate cortex
B) fornix
C) mammillary bodies
D) central amygdala

Question 45

___________ coined the term, limbic system, referring to a proposed circuit of specific brain areas involved in emotional processing.

A) James Papez
B) Paul Ekman
C) Walter Cannon
D) Paul MacLean

Question 46

Paul MacLean concluded that the ___________ lobes played a critical role in emotional expression.

A) parietal
B) occipital
C) temporal
D) frontal

Question 47

Lesions of the amygdala in monkeys can lead to ___________.

A) memory deficits
B) loss of social status due to passivity
C) motor deficits
D) obesity

Question 48

Humans with amygdala damage have been observed to exhibit an impaired ability to ___________.

A) recognize emotional facial expressions
B) remember itemized lists
C) learn motor skills
D) recognize faces

Question 49

fMRI studies in healthy subjects indicate ___________ in response to pictures of fearful faces.

A) heightened amygdala activity
B) heightened visual cortex activity
C) reduced orbitofrontal cortex activity
D) reduced posterior cingulate cortex activity

Question 50

_______ is significantly positively correlated with short-term and long-term memory recall of interesting or emotional images.

A) Blood flow in the amygdala
B) Beta waves in the visual cortex
C) Blood flow in the parietal cortex
D) Blood flow in the visual cortex

Question 51

Reactive-impulsive aggression is best exemplified by ___________,

A) playing football
B) working as a contract killer
C) breaking a cup because there's no more coffee
D) working as a personal bodyguard

Question 52

Reactive-impulsive aggression is more directly regulated by ___________.

A) limbic system structures
B) cortical structures
C) the frontal lobes
D) the striatum

Question 53

Lesions of which the following areas do not result in a reduction of aggressive displays between male rats.

A) Lateral septum
B) Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
C) Medial amygdala
D) Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 54

A common feature of structures involved in aggressive displays in rats is that they receive input either directly or indirectly from the ___________.

A) olfactory bulb
B) dorsal striatum
C) substantia nigra
D) pedunculopontine nucleus

Question 55

In male rodents, aggression increases with electrical stimulation to the ___________.

A) anterior hypothalamus
B) prefrontal cortex
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) dorsal striatum

Question 56

Aggression in male rodents decreases when ___________ is injected into the anterior hypothalamus.

A) cortisol
B) dopamine
C) vasopressin
D) orexin

Question 57

In male marmoset monkeys, electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus seemed to increase the occurrence of ___________.

A) vocal threats
B) submissive displays
C) eating behavior
D) sleeping

Question 58

Amygdala lesions in monkeys appear to ___________ when the monkey is introduced into groups of monkeys with more threatening males.

A) increase aggression
B) increase submissive behaviors
C) have no effect on aggression
D) decrease aggression

Question 59

Amygdala lesions in monkeys appear to ________ when the monkey is placed in non-threatening social situations.

A) increase aggression
B) increase submissive behaviors
C) have no effect on aggression
D) decrease aggression

Question 60

Humans experiencing ________ damage prior to two years of age exhibit impulsive, aggressive behavior in adulthood.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hippocampal
D) cingulate cortex

Question 61

A positive correlation has been observed between ___________ and rates of aggression.

A) the degree of olfactory bulb activation
B) the degree of amygdala activation
C) learned helplessness
D) drug abuse

Question 62

People diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder show ________ on exposure to pictures of humans with angry facial expressions when placed in an fMRI scanner.

A) increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex
B) increased activation of the amygdala
C) increased activation of the visual cortex
D) increased activation of the olfactory bulbs

Question 63

Individuals with tumors in the area of the ________ have been known to exhibit uncharacteristic aggression, even committing murder.

A) fornix
B) orbitofrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 64

________ seems to be more influential in the developmental organization of aggression than in the activation of aggressive responses.

A) Testosterone
B) Vasopressin
C) Serotonin
D) Cortisol

Question 65

Men watching their favorite sports team win ________.

A) have increased testosterone levels
B) have decreased testosterone levels
C) show no change testosterone levels
D) have increased dopamine levels

Question 66

Activation of the ________ receptor, distributed among the periaqueductal gray, hippocampus, and lateral septum, decreases aggression.

A) 5-HT_1B
B) 5-HT_2A
C) D₂
D) testosterone

Question 67

Drugs that ________ dopamine have been associated with decreased aggression.

A) antagonize
B) mimic
C) increase synthesis of
D) increase the release of

Question 68

Drugs such as β blockers that decrease the effects of ________ have been used to treat children exhibiting excessive levels of aggression.

A) testosterone
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) noradrenaline

Question 69

________ by animals enable them to avoid conflicts over limited resources.

A) Dominance hierarchies
B) Territorial boundaries
C) Behavioral cooperation
D) Scent-marking

Question 70

In some animal species, certain behavioral postures send a message of ________to an aggressor.

A) welcome
B) food sharing
C) submission or aggression
D) a mating opportunity

Question 71

If a previously defeated hamster is placed in the cage with a smaller, nonaggressive male hamster, the previously defeated hamster will ________.

A) become hyper-aggressive
B) ignore the smaller hamster
C) display normally expected aggression
D) exhibit submissive displays

Question 72

When a previously defeated hamster continues to exhibit submissive displays, this behavior is known as ________.

A) conditioned defeat
B) learned helplessness
C) anticipatory contrast
D) dominance confusion

Question 73

Conditioned defeat endures for ________ in male hamsters.

A) 24 hours
B) 1 week
C) 1 month
D) 1year

Question 74

Conditioned defeat ________ in female hamsters.

A) rarely, if ever, occurs
B) is permanent
C) lasts 1 month
D) lasts 1 week

Question 75

Research suggests that childhood bullying is related to both ___________ in adults.

A) anxiety and depression
B) alcohol and drug abuse
C) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug use

Question 76

When fear responses are observed in rats, ___________ influences the selection of the appropriate response.

A) instinct
B) the situational context
C) reward history
D) the rat's internal physiological state

Question 77

In cases such as ________, thorough contextual assessments are bypassed for a more immediate response.

A) learned helplessness
B) learned persistence
C) conditioned fear
D) conditioned defeat

Question 78

In fear conditioning, the ________ amygdala receives sensory information and transfers it to the ________amygdala to initiate motor responses

A) lateral, medial
B) lateral, central
C) central, medial
D) central, lateral

Question 79

The ________ is activated when fearful individuals are in the process of overcoming their fear.

A) subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
B) anterior insular cortex
C) medial prefrontal cortex
D) subiculum

Question 80

The ________ is activated when fearful individuals are in the process of giving in to their fear.

A) subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
B) anterior insular cortex
C) medial prefrontal cortex
D) subiculum