Deck 6: Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation

Question 1

Though blind, Daniel Kish uses ________ to navigate in the world, even while on a bicycle.

A) a cane
B) a personal assistant
C) his smartphone
D) flash sonar

Answer 1

D

Question 2

fMRI studies indicate that, compared with sighted individuals, blind individuals have more neural connections between the ________ and visual cortical areas.

A) prefrontal
B) primary somatosensory
C) primary auditory
D) olfactory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

________ have been demonstrated in both sighted and congenitally blind subjects.

A) Similar mirror neuron networks
B) Different mirror neuron networks
C) Flash sonar abilities
D) Extra-sensory perception abilities

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sensory receptors and their corresponding receptive cortical areas ________ to changing modes of presentation.

A) do not respond
B) are confused when exposed
C) are desensitized when exposed
D) adapt

Question 5

Approximately ________ of the human cerebral cortex is devoted to decoding light into images and complex scenes.

A) 30%
B) 20%
C) 10%
D) 40%

Question 6

________ is detecting information about our environmental context.

A) sensation
B) perception
C) top-down processing
D) bottom-up processing

Question 7

________ interpreting sensory information about our environmental context.

A) sensation
B) perception
C) top-down processing
D) bottom-up processing

Question 8

Measuring a person's perceptions in response to a changing sensory stimulus is the basis of ________.

A) psychophysics
B) psychology
C) biopsychology
D) sensory physiology

Question 9

The minimum amount that a stimulus must change for a subject to detect a difference in the stimulus intensity is called the ________.

A) perceptron
B) absolute threshold
C) just noticeable difference (JND)
D) refractory period

Question 10

__________________ is the lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time.

A) Relative threshold
B) Absolute threshold
C) Just noticeable difference (JND)
D) Difference threshold

Question 11

Weber's law states. _________________.

A) the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus
B) the absolute threshold is relative
C) the just noticeable difference (JND) only applies to visual stimuli
D) the just noticeable difference (JND) is the same as the absolute threshold

Question 12

An early mammal from the Triassic period, the Morganucodon's brain was approximately ________ bigger, relative to body size, than the brains of comparable reptiles.

A) 50%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 13

No single species of animal possesses the ability to ___________.

A) fully interpret the surrounding world
B) detect ultraviolet light
C) smell social hormones emitted by others of their species
D) detect reflected sounds

Question 14

_________________ provide information about the most relevant stimuli to prevent confusion and sensory overload.

A) Sensory receptors
B) Sensory specializations
C) Absolute thresholds
D) Sensory systems

Question 15

_________________ avoids sensory overload.

A) Sensory reception
B) Sensory specialization
C) Absolute threshold
D) Sensory adaptation

Question 16

The simultaneous integration of multiple sensory systems is called _______.

A) sensory perception
B) sensory specialization
C) multisensory integration
D) sensory adaptation

Question 17

The perception of flavor is based on ____________.

A) just the senses of taste and smell
B) the convergence of multiple senses
C) just the sense of taste
D) just the sense of smell

Question 18

A superadditive neural response occurs when ____________

A) an integrated response is much smaller than any of its components
B) an integrated response is smaller than any of its components
C) an integrated response is the simple sum of its components
D) an integrated response is much stronger than any of its components

Question 19

The exaggeration of a superadditive neural response depends on ____________.

A) the relevance of the incoming stimuli
B) the intensity of the incoming stimuli
C) the distance from the stimuli's source
D) the absolute threshold for the stimuli

Question 20

A receptive field is defined as __________.

A) the sensory area that a sensory neuron receives information from
B) the sensory modality that a sensory neuron receives information from
C) the intensity of the signal emitted by sensory receptors
D) the duration of the signal emitted by sensory receptors

Question 21

The McGurk effect describes how __________.

A) we integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with visual cues (lip movements)
B) we integrate auditory cues (the sounds of speech) with semantic cues (how the words make us feel)
C) we integrate olfactory cues (the smells of food) with gustatory cues (the taste of food)
D) we integrate olfactory cues (the smells of food) with tactile cues (the mouth-feel/texture of food)

Question 22

The first photoreceptors are thought to have evolved in ______________.

A) hagfish
B) worms
C) lampreys
D) single-celled organisms

Question 23

The first rudimentary eye patch is thought to have evolved in ______________.

A) hagfish
B) worms
C) lampreys
D) single-celled organisms

Question 24

The first camera-like eye is thought to have evolved in ______________.

A) hagfish
B) worms
C) lampreys
D) single-celled organisms

Question 25

Hue refers to the ________ of a light stimulus.

A) wavelength
B) intensity
C) purity
D) focus

Question 26

Brightness refers to the ________ of a light stimulus.

A) wavelength
B) intensity
C) purity
D) focus

Question 27

Saturation refers to the ________ of a light stimulus.

A) wavelength
B) intensity
C) purity
D) focus

Question 28

The pupil and iris of the eye are covered by a transparent surface known as the ______________.

A) cornea
B) lens
C) aqueous humor
D) vitreous humor

Question 29

The internal cavity of the eye is filled with a jellylike substance, known as the ______________.

A) retinal humor
B) intraocular humor
C) aqueous humor
D) vitreous humor

Question 30

The visual photoreceptors found in the retina are referred to as ______________.

A) rods and cones
B) bipolar and ganglion cells
C) horizontal and amacrine cells
D) fovea

Question 31

The point where the axons of optic nerve exit the eye is called the ______________.

A) blind spot
B) fovea
C) macula
D) cornea

Question 32

______________ fill in the visual gaps left by the blind spot.

A) The horizontal cells
B) Higher cortical areas
C) Subcortical visual areas
D) Excess rods and cones

Question 33

___________ process information in a lateral direction across the retina.

A) rods and cones
B) bipolar and ganglion cells
C) horizontal and amacrine cells
D) fovea

Question 34

The most densely populated area of ___________ is in the fovea, where our vision is the sharpest.

A) horizontal cells
B) rods
C) cones
D) amacrine cells

Question 35

The conversion of physical energy to neural energy is called ___________.

A) translation
B) transformation
C) transduction
D) transmission

Question 36

The detection of light by rhodopsin leads to the ___________.

A) inhibition of transducin
B) increased activity of cGMP
C) stimulation of phosphodiesterase (PDE)
D) depolarization of the rod cell

Question 37

The first brain region to receive visual information from the retina is the ________________.

A) optic chaism
B) striate cortex
C) medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
D) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Question 38

The magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) provide information about the ___________ of a visual stimulus.

A) color
B) position
C) saturation
D) intensity

Question 39

The parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) provide information about the ___________ of a visual stimulus.

A) color
B) position
C) saturation
D) identifying details

Question 40

The koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) provide information about the ___________ of a visual stimulus.

A) color
B) position
C) identifying details
D) speed

Question 41

The visual cortex located outside of the primary visual cortex (V1) is known as the ___________.

A) prestriate cortex
B) striate cortex
C) poststriate cortex
D) extrastriate cortex

Question 42

The retina and LGN contain cells with a ___________ receptive fields.

A) concentric
B) radial
C) vertical
D) horizontal

Question 43

Lateral inhibition depends on ___________.

A) horizontal cells
B) rods
C) cones
D) ganglion cells

Question 44

Lateral inhibition emphasizes a visual feature called ___________ which help detect edges in a visual stimulus.

A) signal saturation
B) image intensity
C) shadowing
D) contrast enhancement

Question 45

The ___________ is involved in eye movements and visual orientation.

A) lateral geniculate
B) superior colliculus
C) inferior colliculus
D) optic chiasm

Question 46

Simple cells in V1 would respond to which stimulus?

A) Specific shapes.
B) A bar-shaped stimuli of a particular length as well as aspects of position and orientation.
C) A bar-shaped stimulus in a less specific location in the visual field.
D) A bar-shaped stimulus, in specific part of the visual field, in a specific orientation.

Question 47

Complex cells in V1 would respond to which stimulus?

A) Specific shapes.
B) A bar-shaped stimuli of a particular length as well as aspects of position and orientation.
C) A bar-shaped stimulus in a less specific location in the visual field.
D) A bar-shaped stimulus, in specific part of the visual field, in a specific orientation.

Question 48

Hypercomplex cells in V1 would respond to which stimulus

A) Specific shapes.
B) A bar-shaped stimuli of a particular length as well as aspects of position and orientation.
C) A bar-shaped stimulus in a less specific location in the visual field.
D) A bar-shaped stimulus, in specific part of the visual field, in a specific orientation.

Question 49

Area V2 responds to ___________.

A) outlines or defining shapes
B) form and motion
C) objects and color
D) motion

Question 50

Area V3 responds to ___________..

A) outlines or defining shapes
B) form and motion
C) objects and color
D) motion

Question 51

Area V4 responds to ___________.

A) outlines or defining shapes
B) form and motion
C) objects and color
D) motion

Question 52

Area V5 responds to ___________..

A) outlines or defining shapes
B) form and motion
C) objects and color
D) motion

Question 53

Damage to the ___________ leads to the inability to recognize particular faces.

A) fusiform gyrus
B) dorsal stream
C) V5
D) parahippocampal cortex (PHC)

Question 54

The ___________ contributes the "where" of a visual stimulus.

A) dorsal stream
B) ventral stream
C) fusiform gyrus
D) parahippocampal cortex (PHC)

Question 55

The ___________ contributes the "what" of a visual stimulus.

A) dorsal stream
B) ventral stream
C) fusiform gyrus
D) parahippocampal cortex (PHC)

Question 56

Firing of ganglion cells is considered a form of ___________ visual processing.

A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) center-element
D) center-context

Question 57

The cortical processing of information is considered a form of ___________ visual processing.

A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) center-element
D) center-context

Question 58

________ are prepackaged visual perceptual templates of stimuli that we are likely to encounter

A) Center elements.
B) Center-contexts.
C) Predispositions.
D) Context frames

Question 59

The ________ is sensitive to contextual relations based on the presence of other objects.

A) fusiform gyrus
B) parahippocampal cortex (PHC)
C) amygdala
D) insular cortex.

Question 60

The ________ suggests that the colors we see allow us to see changes in skin color that provide information about a peer's health or emotional status.

A) Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision
B) opponent-process theory of color vision
C) skin theory of color vision
D) Eastman-Land theory of color vision

Question 61

The eardrum is also known as the ________ membrane.

A) tympanic
B) basilar
C) tectoral
D) ossicular

Question 62

Which of the following is part of the auditory pathway?

A) Superior olivary nucleus.
B) Superior colliculus.
C) Central amygdala.
D) Anterior cingualte.

Question 63

The ________ form synapses with the auditory nerve stretching into the cochlea.

A) tympanic membranes
B) pinna
C) ossicles
D) hair cells

Question 64

The ________ is part of the "where" stream in auditory processing.

A) posterior parietal cortex.
B) parahippocampal cortex.
C) anterior cingulate.
D) fusiform gyrus.

Question 65

The ________ has been found to be activated in deaf individuals when viewing sign language.

A) olfactory cortex.
B) posterior parietal cortex
C) parahippocampal cortex.
D) auditory cortex

Question 66

________ are sensitive to light touch and are concentrated in sensitive skin areas, such as fingers and lips.

A) Pacinian corpuscles
B) Meissner's corpuscles
C) Free nerve endings
D) Merkel's discs

Question 67

________ respond to tissue damage.

A) Pacinian corpuscles
B) Meissner's corpuscles
C) Free nerve endings
D) Merkel's discs

Question 68

Tactile stimulation following a brain injury results in ________.

A) reduced the size of cortical interneurons
B) improved performance on a memory task
C) facilitated functional recovery in a reaching task.
D) reduced anxiety and fear.

Question 69

The genes that code for receptors of ________ constitute the largest gene family in the vertebrate genome.

A) light
B) auditory vibrations
C) tactile stimulation
D) odorant molecules

Question 70

Olfactory sensory neurons synapse in the ________.

A) amygdala
B) olfactory cortex
C) olfactory bulbs
D) entorhinal cortex

Question 71

The biologically significant odor of a predator is processed by the ________

A) accessory olfactory system
B) posterior piriform cortex
C) posterior parietal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 72

The biologically significant odor of a pheromone released by a potential mate is processed by the ________

A) accessory olfactory system
B) posterior piriform cortex
C) posterior parietal cortex
D) reticular activating system

Question 73

The disruption of female mouse's pregnancy when it is exposed to the scent of an unfamiliar male's urine is termed ___________.

A) vomeronasal flexion
B) the Land effect
C) the Flehman response
D) the Bruce effect

Question 74

When a horse rolls its upper lip to detect the presence of pheromones, this is termed ________.

A) vomeronasal flexion
B) the Land effect
C) the Flehman response
D) the Bruce effect

Question 75

When stimulation of one sense triggers additional, seemingly unrelated perceptual experiences, this is called ________.

A) schizophrenia
B) delusion
C) hallucination
D) synesthesia

Question 76

The whisker representations on the map of the rat somatosensory cortex are ________.

A) the most important for its survival
B) the smallest .part of its somatosensory map
C) of little to no use in total darkness
D) are 30% the size of the body torso's representation

Question 77

The likely function of the mammalian Flehman response is ________.

A) to promote physical contact of the vomeronasal organ with urine
B) to spatially localize odorants in the environment
C) to associate odorants with their emotional significance
D) as a display of aggression with competitors

Question 78

Which of the following supports a close association between olfaction and emotion?

A) The fact that the VNO is much smaller in humans than in in rats.
B) The fact that children of women who use alcohol to counter negative emotional states have no reaction to the smell of alcoholic beverages.
C) The presence of axonal connections between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb.
D) The fact that a single neuron in the piriform cortex has extensive projections to limbic areas.

Question 79

The ________ neural pathway carries information about pain and temperature sensation from the skin.

A) dorsal stream
B) ventral stream
C) spinothalamic (anterolateral)
D) dorsal column-medial lemniscus

Question 80

The ________ neural pathway carries information about tactile discrimination from the mechanoreceptors from the skin.

A) dorsal stream
B) ventral stream
C) spinothalamic (anterolateral)
D) dorsal column-medial lemniscus