Question 1

Which developmental theorist suggests that human development is an interaction of somatic ego and societal systems?&#10;A) Elder&#10;B) Bandura&#10;C) Erikson&#10;D) Freud

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development emphasizes the interaction between individuals and their societal systems, suggesting that development is influenced by a series of conflicts that integrate aspects of both the individual (somatic ego) and society.

Question 2

According to Vygotsky, internalisation refers to:&#10;A) Imprinting&#10;B) The microsystem&#10;C) The operational stage of development&#10;D) The shift from interpersonal level to intrapersonal level

Accepted Answer

Internalisation, according to Vygotsky, is the process of learning and understanding that moves from an interpersonal (social) level to an intrapersonal (within the self) level.

Question 3

Which of the following relate to formal theories:&#10;A) Changes in relationships to domains&#10;B) Ethology&#10;C) Interconnected hypotheses, definitions, axioms and laws&#10;D) Macrosystems

Accepted Answer

Formal theories are characterized by interconnected hypotheses, definitions, axioms, and laws that are systematically related to each other to explain and predict phenomena within a specific domain.

Question 4

Which of the following theorists can be said to offer a contextual theory?&#10;A) Erikson&#10;B) Bronfenbrenner&#10;C) Freud&#10;D) Watson

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner is known for his ecological systems theory, which is a contextual theory focusing on the different systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem) that influence an individual's development.

Question 5

The stage of Crisis relates to which of the following theorist(s)?&#10;A) Erikson&#10;B) Klahr and MacWhinney&#10;C) Piaget&#10;D) Bronfenbrenner

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development includes stages characterized by crises that individuals must resolve to develop essential virtues.

Question 6

In Life Course theory, the period effect occurs:&#10;A) When people from different cultures are impacted by an historical event&#10;B) When an historical event exerts a uniform influence across all birth cohorts&#10;C) When people react to changes in relationships&#10;D) When decision making changes an individuals life

Accepted Answer

The period effect, in Life Course theory, refers to an event or circumstance that impacts individuals across various birth cohorts at the same point in time, exerting a uniform influence regardless of their age. This is distinct from cohort or life stage effects, which are specific to particular generations or phases of life.

Question 7

Natural selection relates to:&#10;A) Being chosen to demonstrate certain behaviours&#10;B) Passing on changes to physical structure or behaviour as part of survival advantage through generations via genes&#10;C) The acquisition of 'following behaviour'&#10;D) The interactions of genes and environments

Accepted Answer

Natural selection involves the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, passing on advantageous traits through genes.

Question 8

An exosystem is best described as which of the following?&#10;A) The immediate surroundings in which an individual lives&#10;B) The social environment by which an individual is influenced&#10;C) Broad social settings providing support for the developing child and adult&#10;D) The interaction of the child with other more skilled members of the culture

Accepted Answer

An exosystem refers to the broader social settings that indirectly influence an individual, such as a parent's workplace or community services, which can impact the individual's development.

Question 9

The concept of ethology is determined as that of:&#10;A) Understanding the adaptive value of behaviour and its evolutionary history&#10;B) Behaviour according to cultural and environmental influences&#10;C) The emphasis of aspects of the environment impacting a child's development&#10;D) Moulding behaviour through stimulus-response association

Accepted Answer

Ethology is primarily concerned with the study of animal behaviors in their natural environments, focusing on the evolutionary and adaptive significance of these behaviors. It looks at how behavior contributes to survival and reproduction, rather than being primarily influenced by culture, environment, or learned associations.

Question 10

What role do information processing theories play in the study of cognitive development?&#10;A) They assist in the understanding of the interaction between genetics and the environment&#10;B) They emphasize the importance of environmental influences&#10;C) They require the researcher to map out the steps which are believed to best describe the flow of information through the human mind&#10;D) They assist the understanding of why the child reorganizes a behaviour pattern such that any part of their integrated and complex system can adjust

Accepted Answer

Information processing theories focus on the mechanisms of learning and cognition, detailing how information is received, processed, stored, and retrieved by the mind. They liken the human mind to a computer, mapping out the steps or processes involved in the flow of information through the system.

Deck 2: Theories of Development