Deck 4: Theories of Deviance and Social Control

Question 1

Failing to hold open the door for the person passing through behind you would be considered

A) Deviant behavior.
B) Criminal behavior.
C) Immature behavior.
D) Acceptable behavior.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Wearing a suite to a job interview is an example of

A) Mores.
B) Deviant behavior.
C) A folkway.
D) All of the above.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

For some, attending religious services is an example of

A) Mores.
B) Deviant behavior.
C) A folkway.
D) All of the above.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Belching at the dinner table is considered rude in many Western cultures, but is considered a compliment to the host or cook in some African and Asian countries. This is an example of

A) Why different cultures cannot understand each other.
B) Why you should never belch.
C) Norms being consistently the same.
D) Norms varying across cultures.

Question 5

In legal and justice-related studies, we tend to think of what as the primary means of controlling human behavior?

A) Crime.
B) The law.
C) Society.
D) Warnings.

Question 6

In reality, there are many factors that account for human behavior beside the law. Some examples are

A) Genetics.
B) Friends.
C) Families.
D) All of the above.

Question 7

When we learn that it is wrong to steal, we refrain from stealing although there may be opportunities to do so with no one around to catch us. This is an example of

A) Norms.
B) Internal socialization.
C) External socialization.
D) Mores.

Question 8

We learn from our family members that lying is wrong. This is called

A) Norms.
B) Internal socialization.
C) External socialization.
D) Mores.

Question 9

A failure of normal socialization processes is one of the most widely accepted ways in which sociology explains deviance. This means

A) The institutions of socialization, primary and/or secondary, fail to properly "impart the knowledge and opportunities that result in rule-abiding behavior."
B) The social norms a person was exposed to were part of a deviant subculture.
C) The person was not normal.
D) None of the above.

Question 10

A sociological explanation for deviance is that people may be socialized into a deviant subculture, rather than being socialized with widely accepted social norms. This means

A) The institutions of socialization, primary and/or secondary, fail to properly "impart the knowledge and opportunities that result in rule-abiding behavior."
B) The social norms a person was exposed to were part of a deviant subculture.
C) The person was not normal.
D) None of the above.

Question 11

Why do people who are exposed to a deviant subculture behave deviantly?

A) The deviant norms become a part of a person's personality.
B) A person may conform to that deviant subculture's norms to win social approval from the other members of the group.
C) Both a and b.
D) None of the above.

Question 12

A smile, a disapproving look, ridicule, and praise are all examples of

A) Norms.
B) External social controls.
C) Mores.
D) Internal social controls.

Question 13

The criminal justice system represents the ultimate in formal social control, with its

A) Power to hold trials.
B) Power to arrest.
C) Power to punish as a means of regulating behavior.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

The criminal justice system

A) Is solely formal social control.
B) Is solely informal social control.
C) Increasingly bridges both informal and formal social control.
D) Is neither informal nor formal social control.

Question 15

Agents such as family, educational institutions, religion, organized sports, media, and the government are examples of

A) Agents of direct social control.
B) Agents of norms.
C) Agents of ideological social control.
D) Agents of society.

Question 16

Agents such as welfare agencies, science and medicine, and government are examples of

A) Agents of direct social control.
B) Agents of norms.
C) Agents of ideological social control.
D) Agents of society.

Question 17

Which of the four styles of formal social control views the violator of a social norm that has been codified into criminal law as an offender who is deserving of official condemnation?

A) Penal.
B) Compensatory.
C) Therapeutic.
D) Conciliatory.

Question 18

Which of the four styles of formal social control views the deviant person as someone who needs help to become nondeviant or "normal?"

A) Penal.
B) Compensatory.
C) Therapeutic.
D) Conciliatory.

Question 19

Which of the four styles of formal social control attempts to create and preserve social harmony via dispute resolution?

A) Penal.
B) Compensatory.
C) Therapeutic.
D) Conciliatory.

Question 20

Which of the four styles of formal social control focuses on providing restitution to the victim of an act?

A) Penal.
B) Compensatory.
C) Therapeutic.
D) Conciliatory.

Question 21

Medicalization of deviance

A) Suggests that there is no concrete evidence that medical conditions cause deviant behavior.
B) Suggests that an individual's behavior may be controlled or determined, at least in part, by a medical condition.
C) Suggests that medicine can cure all deviant behavior.
D) All of the above.

Question 22

When a psychiatrist or psychologist diagnoses an offender with a serious mental illness that prevents the person from appreciating the difference between "right" and "wrong," we classify that person as legally insane. This means

A) We then excuse what might otherwise constitute criminal conduct on this basis of insanity and excuse criminal punishment for it.
B) We still hold them accountable for their actions and punish them.
C) We still hold them accountable for their actions, but excuse criminal punishment.
D) All of the above.

Question 23

Conrad and Schneider explained that medicine acts as a tool of social control through

A) Moral-criminal definitions of deviance that have changed to medical definitions of deviance.
B) Shifting of moral blame from an individual who is "sick."
C) Shifting of focus to appropriate treatment rather than punishment.
D) All of the above.

Question 24

The primary tool for defining deviance under the medical model is the

A) American Medical Association (AMA).
B) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
C) American Psychiatric Association (APA).
D) Criminal Medical Act (CMA).

Question 25

Punishment of mentally ill offenders cannot be justified under this theory because threat of punishment is used as a tool to discourage persons from committing crime. The theory is

A) Medical initiative.
B) Medical advice.
C) Deterrence theory.
D) Medical expertise.

Question 26

All of the following are justifications for the insanity defense EXCEPT

A) It is unfair to punish people for acts that result from mental illness.
B) None of the major justifications for imposing criminal punishments is applicable to the mentally ill offender.
C) Those who commit criminal acts as the result of mental illness cannot meet the legal standard of mens rea.
D) The insanity defense is frequently used and has a history of success.

Question 27

A rehabilitative focus is more humanitarian, which may lead to a more compassionate society. Reducing moral blame increases understanding of the deviant behavior, which is attributed to illness. These are

A) Positive effects of the legal system.
B) Positive effects of criminal justice.
C) Positive effects of medicalization.
D) Positive effects of law.

Question 28

Medicalization may be the most efficient form of social control because

A) It identifies and responds to the specific needs of each individual rather than assuming that there is a single simple solution that fits all deviant persons.
B) It sends everyone to prison, thereby simplifying the legal process.
C) Doctors can treat everyone with medicine.
D) All of the above.

Question 29

Which of the following are some of the negative consequences of medicalization?

A) Allowing highly educated experts to control the definition of deviance and to specify its treatment takes power out of the hands of the public.
B) It removes personal responsibility for behaviors.
C) Medicalization focuses on the individual at the expense of solving larger social problems.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

Mental health courts support the concept of

A) Conciliatory social control.
B) Therapeutic social control.
C) Insanity defense.
D) All of the above.

Question 31

In the 1960s and 1970s, people were released from mental hospitals and prisons in favor of community-based, often therapeutic, social control. This is known as

A) Medicalization.
B) Norms.
C) Deinstitutionalization/decarceration.
D) Mores.

Question 32

These are examples of social controls that were to be created or strengthened in response to deinstitutionalization.

A) Diversion programs.
B) Halfway houses.
C) Group homes.
D) All of the above.

Question 33

Advocates of deinstitutionalization hoped that community-based treatment would be more effective and more economical, particularly as new medications were available to manage even fairly serious mental illnesses. In reality this

A) Is exactly what happened.
B) Never fully materialized.
C) Did not happen at all.
D) None of the above.

Question 34

A reason the community-based treatment facilities never fully materialized is

A) Inadequate planning.
B) Lack of funding.
C) Lack of assistance in helping deinstitutionalized persons find the variety of programs that they need.
D) All of the above.

Question 35

Social control is not static, but rather changes in response to

A) Social context.
B) Political context.
C) Economic contexts.
D) All of the above.

Question 36

For the insanity defense to be used successfully today, it is no longer sufficient to demonstrate that the defendant suffers from a mental illness that causes him or her to be unable to know right from wrong. Rather, in some U.S. jurisdictions, the mental illness must be so "severe" that the defendant did not even know what he or she was doing. This is an example of

A) Social context.
B) Putative backlash.
C) Vindication.
D) All of the above.

Question 37

Mentally ill inmates may serve longer sentences because of their inability to qualify for early release, and without treatment, upon their release, mentally ill offenders are likely to

A) Receive medical treatment.
B) Find themselves yet again involved with the criminal justice system.
C) None of the above.
D) All of the above.

Question 38

As a result of the medicalization of deviance, many behaviors have been

A) Decriminalized.
B) Vindicated.
C) Putative backlash.
D) All of the above.

Question 39

The social control function is not carried out only by criminal justice agencies, but can also include

A) Family, peer groups, and the medical profession.
B) Norms, mores, and deviations.
C) Social context, vindications, and putative backlash.
D) None of the above.

Question 40

Which of the following has produced what the New York Times described as "a veritable epidemic of mental illness"?

A) Putative backlash.
B) Norms.
C) Medicalization of deviance.
D) All of the above.

Question 41

Deviance refers only to those behaviors that are negatively viewed or condemned in society.

Question 42

Norms are based upon widely shared values regarding that which is correct, and, conversely, that which is bad.

Question 43

Men who become Buddhist monks are "deviant" under the broadest definition of the term.

Question 44

Norms do not vary across both situation and time.

Question 45

Norms can vary across cultures.

Question 46

The norms and behaviors of members of subcultures may or may not be criminal.

Question 47

In legal and justice-related studies, we tend to think of the law as the primary means of controlling human behavior.

Question 48

Two related processes, socialization and social control, are key concepts in understanding the role that "society" plays in shaping our behavior.

Question 49

Secondary socialization takes place at home in early childhood when social norms are taught to children by family members.

Question 50

Adult socialization is when new work environments socialize people.

Question 51

A failure of normal socialization processes is one of the most widely accepted ways in which sociology explains deviance.

Question 52

Negative reactions from others

Question 53

Criminal law is not the most important tool of formal social control.

Question 54

The criminal justice system utilizes only formal social control, not drawing upon any aspects of informal social control.

Question 55

Sports promote local, regional, and national pride; allow for a cathartic and productive channeling of aggressive energies; provide an avenue for upward social mobility; and build character.

Question 56

Agents of direct social control attempt to punish or neutralize both organizations and individuals who deviate from society's norms.

Question 57

Black argued that there is an inverse relationship between law (as formal social control) and informal social control.

Question 58

Simply having differences automatically results in stratification.

Question 59

In societies where people share similar belief systems or have similar backgrounds, there tends to be little stratification.

Question 60

When informal social controls fail, then the formal mechanisms of social control used tend to be compensatory and/or conciliatory.

Question 61

The medical model defines deviance objectively, as a disease.

Question 62

In criminal justice settings, the behavioral sciences do not play an important role in determining criminal responsibility.

Question 63

The health care profession holds substantial power as an agent of social control, seeking to treat conditions that lead to undesired or deviant behavior.

Question 64

Health care professionals hold both the power to define illness and the exclusive ability to treat those illnesses that it has defined.

Question 65

A rehabilitative focus, as opposed to a punitive one, is more humanitarian, which may lead to a more compassionate society.

Question 66

Rather than condemning the individual, medicalization can make it easier to reintegrate a deviant individual into society after treatments have been administered.

Question 67

According to Conrad and Schneider as decisions are made about which behaviors to address through penal social control and which behaviors to address through therapeutic control, public policies change.

Question 68

The medical model claims objectivity and is morally neutral.

Question 69

In medicalization, by focusing on the individual, we fail to see that the politics of the dominant culture might be a cause of the deviance at issue.

Question 70

Social service agencies, diversion programs, halfway houses, and group homes are examples of social controls that were to be created or strengthened in response to deinstitutionalization.

Question 71

Deinstitutionalization resulted in a substantial change in how social control was supposed to be accomplished in the United States, and it reflected an increased use of medical technologies and medical collaborations.

Question 72

The principles of deinstitutionalization were completely realized, in practice.

Question 73

Because of imperfect implementation of necessary programs, mental illness has become regulated through penal social control because there is "pressure to institutionalize persons who need 24-hour care wherever there is room, including jail."

Question 74

Social control is static.

Question 75

Medicine acts as a powerful institution of social control.

Question 76

The medical model of deviance is driven, in part, by a profit motive.

Question 77

Sometimes, socialization and social control do not result in full compliance with social norms, in which case deviance results.

Question 78

Research indicates that mentally ill offenders usually receive adequate treatment while incarcerated.

Question 79

The U.S. Surgeon General asserted in 1999 that "22 percent of the population has a diagnosable mental disorder."

Question 80

As the DSM has expanded its definitions of mental illness, there has been a corresponding increase in the number of routine behaviors now labeled mental illness.