Deck 10: Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

In North America, mortality rates from cardiovascular disease have ________ and incidence rates have ________.

A) increased; remained the same
B) decreased; decreased
C) increased; decreased
D) decreased; remained the same

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Illnesses of the cardiovascular system do not involve ________.

A) the heart
B) the arteries
C) the veins
D) the blood

Answer 2

D

Question 3

________ is a warning sign of a myocardial infarction (MI).

A) Chest discomfort
B) Pain/discomfort in one or both arms
C) Shortness of breath
D) All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Injury to the endothelium is not caused by ________.

A) hypertension
B) diabetes
C) atherosclerosis
D) hyperlipidemia

Question 5

In Canada, over ________ individuals experience a myocardial infarction (MI) each year.

A) 10,000
B) 30,000
C) 70,000
D) 120,000

Question 6

A temporary restriction of blood flow to the heart is known as ________.

A) calcification
B) ischemia
C) myocardial infarction
D) cardiovascular disease

Question 7

The following statement regarding cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not true: ________.

A) Low socio-economic status is associated with increased risk of CVD
B) CVD has an earlier onset among African-Americans compared to the rest of the population
C) Death rates from CVD are lower among African-Americans compared to the rest of the population
D) Mortality from CVD is higher among people in low-income brackets

Question 8

Revascularization procedures in cardiac patients do not include ________.

A) cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR)
B) angioplasty
C) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
D) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Question 9

Diagnosis of a cardiac patient with a mood or anxiety disorder can be complicated by the fact that ________.

A) symptoms of depression or anxiety are almost impossible to detect
B) many symptoms of depression or anxiety are also symptoms associated with cardiovascular disease
C) symptoms of depression or anxiety are usually displayed prior to the onset of cardiovascular disease
D) symptoms of depression or anxiety are usually displayed after pharmacological treatment for cardiovascular disease is administered

Question 10

Individuals with a Type A personality ________.

A) have a high level of social inhibition
B) lack drive
C) are competitive high achievers
D) have a high level of negative affect

Question 11

Cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) reduces ________ and ________.

A) mortality; the number of repeat hospitalizations
B) the number of repeat hospitalizations; does not affect mortality
C) mortality (but only if face-to-face counselling is used); the number of repeat hospitalizations
D) the number of repeat hospitalizations (but only if face-to-face counselling is used); does not affect mortality

Question 12

Traditional biomedical risk factors explain about ________ of new cases of cardiovascular disease.

A) 10 per cent
B) 50 per cent
C) 66 per cent
D) 90 per cent

Question 13

Acute stress is a source of cardiovascular risk, demonstrated by the observation that ________.

A) mortality increases in the first week after the loss of a spouse
B) myocardial infarction and stroke increase after an earthquake
C) blood pressure increases for weeks in hypertensive patients after an earthquake
D) all of the above

Question 14

The Nurses' Health Study demonstrated that female nurses who ________ had a higher rate of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular disease.

A) abused drugs and alcohol
B) worked rotating night shifts
C) were divorced
D) worked with MI and CVD patients

Question 15

People who ________ have a level of risk for cardiovascular disease ________ that of smokers.

A) are diagnosed with clinical depression; comparable to
B) are diagnosed with clinical depression; much higher than
C) present with depressive symptoms (not clinically diagnosable); comparable to
D) present with depressive symptoms (not clinically diagnosable); higher than

Question 16

The impact of anxiety on cardiovascular disease appears to be stronger or weaker based on ________.

A) culture
B) geographic location
C) gender
D) socio-economic status

Question 17

________ individuals are competitive high achievers who display anger and hostility and tend to be engaged in multiple tasks.

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D

Question 18

Prognosis following a cardiovascular disease event is not related to ________.

A) the frequency of marital disagreements
B) individual marital happiness
C) comparison of marital satisfaction to that of other couples
D) specific features of marital disagreements

Question 19

Anxiety following myocardial infarction has been associated with ________.

A) shorter hospital stays
B) higher quality of life
C) higher risk of sudden death
D) higher costs to the health system

Question 20

The MIND-IT and SADHART studies indicated that people who responded best to anti-depressant treatment tended to be those who ________.

A) had a history of depressive episodes
B) had just one depressive episode in their lives
C) recently had surgery
D) recently had a myocardial infarction

Question 21

The ENRICHD randomized trial tested the effect of either cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or of standard medical follow-up in cardiovascular patients. The results indicated that patients in the CBT group had ________ depression and social scores, and ________ clinical outcomes.

A) improved; improved
B) unchanged; unchanged
C) improved; unchanged
D) unchanged; improved

Question 22

The CREATE randomized trial compared an antidepressant, citalopram, to a placebo used alongside interpersonal therapy (IPT) in cardiovascular patients. The results show that the antidepressant ________ and that the IPT ________.

A) reduced the symptoms of depression; did not reduce the symptoms of depression
B) did not reduce the symptoms of depression; also did not reduce the symptoms of depression
C) did not reduce the symptoms of depression; reduced the symptoms of depression
D) reduced the symptoms of depression; also reduced the symptoms of depression

Question 23

People who have "vitality" ________.

A) cannot regulate their emotions in response to stress
B) have effective coping skills
C) exhibit a negative emotional state despite putting on a happy appearance
D) do not usually have better post-surgery recovery

Question 24

Patients who receive cognitive restructuring (CR) treatment following cardiac events ________.

A) continue exercising after CR
B) attend all recommended sessions
C) benefit men more than women, since men are significantly more adherent
D) benefit women more than men, since women are significantly more adherent

Question 25

In the SUPRIM trial, cardiovascular patients who received stress management via cognitive behavioural therapy ________.

A) showed an improvement of cardiovascular endpoints
B) did not show an improvement of cardiovascular endpoints
C) showed an improvement of mood without an improvement of cardiovascular endpoints
D) showed a worsening of cardiovascular endpoints

Question 26

Briefly describe the main types of psychological adjustment required in cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Question 27

Briefly explain how each of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is modifiable through behavioural changes.

Question 28

Outline the various goals and strategies employed to support behaviour change in patients after a cardiac attack.

Question 29

Briefly explain the importance and findings of the INTERHEART project.

Question 30

Outline the central concepts of the two dominant models that explain chronic stress.

Question 31

Describe the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory (ESSI) assessment scale.

Question 32

Briefly explain the importance and findings of the Framingham Offspring Study.

Question 33

Briefly outline the possible composition of a typical social network and its effect on cardiovascular risk and outcome.

Question 34

Outline the evidence linking depression to cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Question 35

Discuss the multiple links between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Question 36

Describe the history of the hypothesis that type of personality affects cardiovascular risk and outcomes, including the findings on resilience and vitality.

Question 37

Discuss a plausible comprehensive picture of the parallel and converging mechanisms that are thought to contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its outcomes.

Question 38

Outline and discuss the importance, methodologies, and methodological difficulties, of a psychological assessment of a patient with cardiovascular disease.

Question 39

Outline and discuss the three distinct approaches to treating cardiovascular disease from a psychosocial standpoint.

Question 40

Briefly outline the distinct psychotherapeutic approaches that have shown efficacy in cardiovascular patients.