Deck 12: Nuclear Chemistry: Energy, Medicine, Weapons, and Terrorism

Question 1

Even though the United States makes up 5% of the world's population, how much of the world's energy resources does it consume?

A)10%
B)20%
C)25%
D)50%

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What provides the majority of power today, for which nations are competing?

A)Biomass
B)Hydroelectric power
C)Nuclear power
D)Fossil fuels

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What percentage of power in the United States is generated by nuclear power plants?

A)85%
B)65%
C)25%
D)20%

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What power sources are considered renewable?

A)Wind
B)Solar
C)Hydroelectric
D)All of the above

Question 5

Which element did Becquerel have in mineral form, from which he discovered a form of natural radioactivity?

A)Uranium
B)Thorium
C)Plutonium
D)Lanthanum

Question 6

Why was Becquerel surprised by the development of his photographic plates?

A)They had not been exposed to the sun.
B)They had already been developed once.
C)They had been properly sealed and placed in the dark.
D)He wasn't. He expected them to develop images.

Question 7

For what do hospitals use radioactive materials?

A)To treat diseases
B)To diagnose pregnancies
C)To treat and diagnose diseases
D)To determine bone growth

Question 8

In what source did Becquerel discover radioactivity?

A)In soil samples he examined
B)In minerals he was studying
C)In an explosive he was researching
D)In phosphorescent plant materials

Question 9

Glow-in-the-dark toys and watches function by what chemical process?

A)Phosphorescence
B)Chemiluminescence
C)Hydroluminescence
D)Phosphorylation

Question 10

How did Becquerel verify that phosphorescence was occurring in a mineral sample?

A)By exposing a mineral sample on a wrapped, light tight photographic plate to the sun
B)By exposing a mineral sample on an unwrapped photographic plate to the sun, then developing the plate
C)By exposing a mineral sample on a wrapped, light tight photographic plate to no sun, then developing the plate
D)None of the above

Question 11

To what does the term radioactivity refer?

A)The induced emission of high-energy rays and particles from an atomic nucleus
B)The spontaneous emission of low-energy rays and particles from an atomic nucleus
C)The spontaneous emission of high-energy rays and particles from an atomic nucleus
D)The induced emission of low-energy rays and particles from an atomic nucleus

Question 12

Which radioactive elements did Marie Curie discover?

A)Radium and uranium
B)Uranium and polonium
C)Radium and polonium
D)None of the above

Question 13

Marie Curie was the first person ever to win two Nobel prizes.

Question 14

What is the danger of radioactivity to people?

A)The rays and particles can collide with molecules in the body and ionize them by breaking internal bonds.
B)The rays and particles can collide with organs in the body and ionize them by breaking medically important bonds.
C)The rays and particles can cause illness in the body and ionize them by inducing organ failure.
D)None of the above

Question 15

Which type of radioactivity is most dangerous to humans?

A)Alpha particles
B)Beta particles
C)Gamma rays
D)None of the above are dangerous to humans.

Question 16

Where is background radiation found?

A)In the backyard of homes
B)In a variety of sources in the environment
C)In man-made devices such as microwave ovens, cell phones, and toasters
D)From mineral deposits in Canada and Africa

Question 17

How much background radiation comes from radon in the environment?

A)8%
B)11%
C)55%
D)75%

Question 18

What percentage of background radiation is provided by consumer products?

A)3%
B)8%
C)11%
D)55%

Question 19

Where is terrestrial radiation found?

A)Cosmic winds interacting with the atmosphere
B)Naturally occurring elements in the earth's crust
C)Radioactive isotopes in meteorites
D)Ocean water

Question 20

What consumer products contain radioactive materials?

A)Smoke detectors
B)Static eliminators
C)Convection ovens
D)Both a and b above

Question 21

How is cosmic radiation produced?

A)By stars
B)By the moon
C)By meteors and asteroids
D)By the sun

Question 22

Medical X-rays account for roughly what percentage of background radiation?

A)3%
B)4%
C)8%
D)11%

Question 23

What are the three isotopes of hydrogen?

A) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H},{ }_{2}^{1} \mathrm{H},{ }_{3}^{1} \mathrm{H}$
B) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H},{ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H},{ }_{1}^{3} \mathrm{H}$
C) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H},{ }_{2}^{2} \mathrm{H},{ }_{3}^{3} \mathrm{H}$
D) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H},{ }_{2}^{1} \mathrm{H},{ }_{1}^{3} \mathrm{H}$

Question 24

How small is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom when compared to the volume of the entire atom?

A)1/1,000
B)1/10,000
C)1/100,000
D)1/1,000,000

Question 25

To what does the belt of stability refer?

A)The exposure of radioactive material to which a person can be exposed safely
B)The dosage in which a nuclear medicine is safe
C)The zone in which a nuclear device is not explosive
D)The range of heavier, stable isotopes among the elements

Question 26

How do unstable isotopes form stable isotopes?

A)By nuclear fission
B)By radioactive attraction
C)By nuclear fusion
D)By emitting radioactive particles from their nuclei

Question 27

All elements above the atomic number 83 consist of what?

A)Heavy nuclei with minimal electron shells
B)Radioactive isotopes
C)Isotopes that can never lie in the belt of stability
D)Elements with too few neutrons

Question 28

What is the heaviest known, naturally occurring element?

A)Uranium
B)Thorium
C)Bombastium
D)Technetium

Question 29

How are elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 created?

A)By the addition of heavy water, also known as D₂O
B)Artificially, in nuclear research facilities
C)By natural fusion
D)By natural fission

Question 30

Above what atomic number are all elements, in all their isotopic forms, created artificially?

A)92
B)94
C)103
D)110

Question 31

What is the symbol for an alpha particle?

A) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{He}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{H}$
C) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
D) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{H}$

Question 32

To what does the ionizing power of a radioactive particle refer?

A)Its ability to be ionized
B)Its tendency to ionize spontaneously
C)Its ability to ionize another molecule
D)Its tendency to attract ions

Question 33

The penetrating power of ionizing radiation refers to what?

A)How far particles can penetrate into bodily tissue and cause damage
B)The depth to which particles can penetrate known standards of plant material
C)The depth to which particles can penetrate known standards of animal material
D)None of the above

Question 34

What is alpha decay?

A)When an alpha emitter is no longer able to emit particles
B)When an isotope is bombarded by alpha particles
C)When alpha particles cause a sample of material to degrade
D)The emission of an alpha particle from an atomic nucleus

Question 35

Why do beta particles have less ionizing power than alpha particles?

A)Because their velocity is less
B)Because their mass is the smaller of the two
C)Because their atomic profile is the lighter of the two
D)Because they just do no one knows why

Question 36

What is the net change during a beta emission?

A)Loss of one proton, gain of one neutron
B)Loss of one neutron, gain of one proton
C)Loss of one neutron, gain of one electron
D)Loss of one electron, gain of one proton

Question 37

What is a characteristic of gamma radiation?

A)Low penetrating power, but high ionization power
B)Low ionization power, but high penetrating power
C)Low ionization power and low penetrating power
D)High ionization power and high penetrating power

Question 38

What happens to a nucleus above the belt of stability that undergoes beta decay?

A)It shifts toward the stable region.
B)It shifts away from the stable region.
C)It remains in the stable region.
D)There is not enough information to tell.

Question 39

What happens to a nucleus below the belt of stability that undergoes beta decay?

A)It shifts toward the stable region.
B)It shifts away from the stable region.
C)It remains in the stable region.
D)There is not enough information to tell.

Question 40

Which element is a major source of background radiation?

A)Radon
B)Radium
C)Uranium
D)Plutonium

Question 41

What is a natural source of radon gas?

A)Decay of thorium ores
B)Decay of uranium in mineral form
C)Natural gas and petroleum wells
D)Cosmic radiation

Question 42

How many homes in the United States does the Environmental Protection Agency estimate to have elevated radon levels?

A)1 in 10
B)1 in 15
C)1 in 100
D)None; we're all completely safe.

Question 43

Elements that have no radioactive isotopes are referred to in what way?

A)As being radioactively dead
B)As stable mineral sources
C)As being in the belt of stability
D)None of the above; there are no elements that have no radioactive isotopes.

Question 44

The mass of a decaying radioactive element must equal the mass of the two particles into which it decays.

Question 45

An alpha particle and
${ }_{86}^{222} \mathrm{Rn}$ could be produced from the decay of what isotope?

A)
${ }_{88}^{228} \mathrm{Ra}$
B)
${ }_{89}^{228} \mathrm{Ac}$
C)
${ }_{87}^{226} \mathrm{Fr}$
D)
${ }_{88}^{226} \mathrm{Ra}$

Question 46

All beta decay involves the loss of a two-atomic-mass unit particle in forming a new, more stable nucleus.

Question 47

When
${ }_{28}^{60} \mathrm{Ni}$ is formed from the breakdown of ${ }_{27}^{60} \mathrm{Co}$ , what other particle is produced?

A)An alpha particle
B)A beta particle
C)Gamma radiation
D)No other particle is produced.

Question 48

What will balance the following: ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}$ ? ${ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}$ ?

A) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{He}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{H}$
C) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
D) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{H}$

Question 49

What particle will balance the following: ${ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}$ ? ${ }_{91}^{234} \mathrm{~Pa}$ ?

A) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$
D) ${ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H}$

Question 50

What radioactive material balances the following ${ }_{94}^{242} \mathrm{Pu}$ : ? ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}$ ?

A) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{He}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{H}$
D) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{H}$

Question 51

The following ${ }_{93}^{237} \mathrm{~Np}$ ? ${ }_{91}^{233} \mathrm{~Pa}$ can be balanced how?

A) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{H}$

B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$

C) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{H}$ .

D) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{H}$

Question 52

What will balance the following: ${ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}$ ? ${ }_{88}^{230} \mathrm{Ra}$ ?

A) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{H}$
C) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{He}$
D) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{H}$

Question 53

How does one balance the following: ${ }_{95}^{243} \mathrm{Am}$ ? ${ }_{93}^{239} \mathrm{~Np}$ ?

A) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{He}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{H}$
D) ${ }_{4}^{2} \mathrm{H}$

Question 54

What will balance the following: ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}$ ? ${ }_{93}^{238} \mathrm{~Np}$ ?

A) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{0}^{-1} \mathrm{e}$
D) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$

Question 55

What radioactive particle will balance the following : ${ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}$ ? ${ }_{91}^{234} \mathrm{~Pa}$ ?

A) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$
D) ${ }_{0}^{-1} \mathrm{e}$

Question 56

What particle will balance the following: ${ }_{95}^{243} \mathrm{Am}$ ? ${ }_{95}^{243} \mathrm{Cm}$ ?

A) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{0}^{-1} \mathrm{e}$
D) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{e}$

Question 57

What will balance the following: ${ }_{91}^{232} \mathrm{~Pa}$ ? ${ }_{92}^{232} \mathrm{U}$ ?

A) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$
D) ${ }_{1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$

Question 58

How can the following be balanced: ${ }_{94}^{244} \mathrm{Pu}$ ? ${ }_{95}^{244} \mathrm{Am}$ ?

A) ${ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}$
B) ${ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}$
C) ${ }_{0}^{-1} \mathrm{e}$
D) ${ }_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e}$

Question 59

In the large release of radioactive material in Goiania, Brazil, what substance discarded from a hospital was accidentally spread throughout parts of the city?

A)Americium-241
B)Radon-222
C)Cobalt-60
D)Cesium-137

Question 60

What are the symptoms of radiation sickness?

A)Nausea and diarrhea
B)Skin burns and hair loss
C)Bleeding of the mouth, nose, and gums
D)All of the above.

Question 61

When discussing radiation, what is the definition of "half-life"?

A)The time required for ½ of an original amount of isotope to undergo radioactive decay
B)The time required to induce ½ of an original amount of isotope to undergo radioactive decay
C)The time required for ½ of an original amount of isotope to undergo chemical decay
D)The time required to induce ½of an original amount of isotope to undergo chemical decay

Question 62

What is the half-life of cesium-137?

A)6 years
B)30 years
C)50 years
D)Approximately 1,000 years

Question 63

${ }_{82}^{202} \mathrm{~Pb}$ decays through what means?

A)Gamma ray emission
B)Beta particle emission
C)Alpha particle emission
D)Electron emission

Question 64

How does ${ }_{15}^{32} \mathrm{P}$ decay?

A)Beta particle emission
B)Alpha particle emission
C)Positron particle emission
D)Gamma ray emission

Question 65

${ }_{993}^{243} \mathrm{Es}$ decays through what emission?

A)Beta particles
B)Alpha particles
C)Positron particles
D)Gamma rays

Question 66

${ }_{95}^{240} \mathrm{Am}$ decays through what emission?

A)Gamma rays
B)Beta particles
C)Alpha particles
D)None of the above

Question 67

What is the key to safety in the use of radioactivity?

A)The total amount of ionizing radiation that a person experiences.
B)The total time a person is exposed to a radiation source.
C)The total distance a person is from a radiation device or source.
D)The total amount of beta particles and gamma rays to which a person is exposed.

Question 68

What waste from nuclear power plants presents a continued disposal and storage problem?

A)Contaminated water
B)Old neutron-absorbing materials
C)Spent fuel rods
D)Depleted uranium

Question 69

What factor determines the danger of exposure to radiation?

A)The radiation type
B)Dose of radiation received
C)Length of time of exposure
D)All of the above.

Question 70

What is the difference between the decay particles of ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}$ and ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}$ ?

A)Only emits beta as well as alpha particles. ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}$
B)Only emits beta as well as alpha particles. ${ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}$
C)Only emits gamma radiation. ${ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}$
D)There is no difference; both emit alpha particles.

Question 71

If a 10-gram sample of a radioactive element has been stored for 1 week and 2 days, and now only 1.25 g of the element remains, what is its half-life?

A)1 day
B)1 week
C)3 days
D)2 days

Question 72

What emitted particle can be used to treat a medical problem only when the particle's source material is placed in extremely close proximity to the problem area?

A)Alpha particle
B)Beta particle
C)Gamma radiation
D)All of the above

Question 73

Why aren't gamma emitter isotopes used to diagnose medical disorders?

A)They don't have enough penetrating power.
B)They are too cytotoxic.
C)They are too short-lived in the human body.
D)None of the above; they are often used.

Question 74

What is the primary way in which beta emitters are used to treat tumors?

A)The patient must inhale the radioactive material.
B)They are focused from an external source.
C)The emitter is introduced to the tumor.
D)The medical attendant applies a dermal patch.

Question 75

What are the two major roles of nuclear material in medicine?

A)Diagnosing diseases
B)Determining bone disorders
C)Treatment of tumors
D)Both a and c

Question 76

How is vitamin B₁₂ tagged by a radioisotope?

A)The isotope bonds to the outside of the B₁₂ structure.
B)The isotope makes the cobalt in vitamin B₁₂ radioactive.
C)The isotope attaches to the cobalt in vitamin B₁₂.
D)The isotope substitutes for the normal cobalt in vitamin B₁₂.

Question 77

What do most isotopes emit that are intended for diagnosing various disorders?

A)Beta particles
B)Gamma rays
C)Alpha particles
D)Electrons

Question 78

How does radiation help destroy a tumor?

A)It forces a cell's organelles to shut down.
B)It enhances a cell's ability to reproduce.
C)It interrupts a cell's ability to reproduce.
D)It aids a cell's organelles in their functions.

Question 79

What forms of radioactive emissions can be used to cause damage to cancer cells?

A)Alpha particles
B)Beta particles
C)Gamma rays
D)All of the above

Question 80

For what can ⁴²K in KCl be used, in terms of nuclear medicine?

A)Determining exchangeable potassium
B)Bone imaging
C)Thyroid tumor determination
D)None of the above