Deck 15: Correctional Programming and Treatment

Question 1

Rehabilitation enjoyed the most popularity during which period?

A) Enlightenment
B) 1950s-1970s
C) 1980s-2000s
D) nineteenth century

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The medical model views criminal behavior as the expression of a(n) ______.

A) purely genetic defect
B) unhealthy lifestyle
C) rational choice
D) moral sickness

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Martinson (1974) found that ______.

A) many correctional programs do not work for a variety of reasons
B) rehabilitation holds the most promise in reducing recidivism
C) criminals are undeserving of rehabilitation programs
D) determinate sentencing is the only way to guarantee public safety

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The medical model advocated a(n) ______ sentencing model.

A) determinate
B) punitive
C) indeterminate
D) tough-on-crime

Question 5

A Supreme Court justice claimed, "To put people behind walls and bars and do little or nothing to change them is to win a battle but lose a war. It is wrong. It is expensive. It is stupid." Who was it?

A) Thurgood Marshall
B) Clarence Thomas
C) Warren Burger
D) Earl Warren

Question 6

According to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (2010), about ______ of inmates have received professional substance abuse treatment since their admission.

A) 11%
B) 22%
C) 33%
D) 44%

Question 7

The rehabilitation model was influenced by the early work of ______.

A) Bentham
B) Maconochie
C) Beccaria
D) Tocqueville

Question 8

Which of the following was not one of the weaknesses of correctional programs as identified by Martinson (1974)?

A) relying on nondirective methods
B) inadequately skilled staff
C) seeking to change behaviors unrelated to crime
D) inmate disinterest in correctional programming

Question 9

Research consistently demonstrates that sex offenders have a recidivism rate that is ______.

A) higher than the rate for all other offender categories
B) lower than the rate for all other offender categories
C) the same as the rate for all other offender categories
D) impossible to determine

Question 10

Rehabilitation is ______.

A) a place to go to solve all of one's problems
B) a means to restore or return a person to constructive or healthy activity
C) the designation society gives to those who are in need of assistance for a mental illness
D) none of these

Question 11

Mark Lipsey and Francis Cullen (2007) reviewed numerous studies of a variety of correctional intervention programs conducted from 1990 to 2006 and concluded that treatment ______.

A) is not effective
B) works moderately well
C) is extremely effective
D) cannot be assessed with the existing data

Question 12

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between an offender risk and offender needs?

A) The lower the offender's level of need, the higher the risk of reoffending.
B) The higher the offender's level of need, the more responsive he or she is to treatment.
C) Most offenders have the same needs, so meeting the needs of offenders as a group reduces the risk of reoffending.
D) The higher the offender's level of need, the higher the risk of reoffending.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a major risk factor targeted for reduced recidivism?

A) history of antisocial behavior
B) antisocial cognition
C) substance abuse
D) strong involvement in noncriminal leisure pursuits

Question 14

In psychosocial assessment, risk principle refers to ______.

A) the overall rating of public safety as a function of the proportion of the population incarcerated
B) an offender's probability of reoffending
C) a counselor's formal and informal assessment of the level of risk an offender poses to the institution
D) the developmental stage that an offender finds him- or herself in.

Question 15

In psychosocial assessments, the responsivity principle means that ______.

A) counselors can only provide meaningful treatment if they are aware of the learning styles and developmental stage of offenders
B) if offenders are to respond to treatment in a favorable way, counselors must approach them in a very strict fashion to encourage continued compliance
C) offenders who engage in specific forms of crime will respond similarly to specific types of treatment
D) all of these

Question 16

Evidence-based treatment modalities are based on ______.

A) a theoretical construct
B) public policies
C) patient satisfaction
D) actuarial data

Question 17

______ risk factors are based on things that change (e.g., attitudes, values, behavior patterns).

A) Flexible
B) Dynamic
C) Actuarial
D) Individual

Question 18

______ risk factors are based on things that cannot change (e.g., gender, age).

A) Static
B) Inflexible
C) Historic
D) Social

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a component of evidence-based practices (EBP)?

A) actuarial risk assessment
B) target interventions
C) positive reinforcement
D) rehabilitation

Question 20

Cognitive-behavioral therapy ______.

A) tries to solve dysfunctional cognitions, emotions, and behavior in a relatively short time through goal-oriented, systematic procedures
B) uses medication to cure abnormally functioning parts of a person's brain
C) tries to solve dysfunctional behavior over a long period of time through goal-oriented, systematic procedures
D) tries to solve dysfunctional cognitions, emotions, and behavior in a relatively short time through medication and one-on-one therapy

Question 21

The work of Andrews, Bonta, and Wormith (2006) demonstrates that progress with ______ has been nothing less than revolutionary.

A) victim offender reconciliation
B) the psychology of criminal conduct
C) the desegregation of prisons
D) the treatment of racial minorities

Question 22

Cognitive-behavioral therapy includes concepts from ______.

A) operant psychology
B) cognitive theory
C) social learning theory
D) all of these

Question 23

Albert Ellis (1989) claims that the great religious leaders of the past were ______.

A) pioneers of the medical model
B) mentally ill individuals
C) cognitive-behavioral therapists
D) opponents of incarceration

Question 24

The first lesson of cognitive-behavioral therapy is that criminals ______.

A) have substance abuse problems
B) must be assessed for risk of offending
C) think differently than the rest of us
D) should be held accountable for their actions

Question 25

Compared to type I alcoholics, type II alcoholics are more likely to engage in ______.

A) early-onset drinking and become addicted more rapidly
B) late-onset drinking and become addicted slowly
C) early-onset drinking and become addicted slowly
D) late-onset drinking and become addicted more rapidly

Question 26

Pharmacological treatment can do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) render addicts more amenable to treatment
B) reduce cravings
C) provide an immediate form of treatment
D) stabilize brain chemistry

Question 27

______ is both our most popular and most deadly way of drugging ourselves.

A) Alcohol
B) Tobacco
C) Opioid use
D) Marijuana

Question 28

About ______ of homicides involve a drunken offender and/or victim.

A) 60%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 29

About ______ of state inmates were regular drug users prior to their incarceration.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 30

______ is the first non-narcotic, non-addictive, extended-release medication approved for the treatment of opioid dependence.

A) Vivitrol
B) Anabuse
C) Methadone
D) Suboxone

Question 31

______ reduces cravings among alcohol/drug-abstinent addicts and reduces the pleasurable effects for those who continue to use.

A) Buspar
B) Anabuse
C) Methadone
D) Naltrexone

Question 32

Evaluations of the Delaware Multistage Program suggested that individuals who completed all three phases of the program, when compared to the control group, were ______.

A) equally likely to remain drug free
B) less likely to remain drug free
C) more likely to remain drug free
D) more likely to commit a drug-related crime

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Pharmacological treatment can supplant traditional treatment methods for alcoholism and drug abuse.
B) Pharmacological treatment supplements traditional treatment methods for alcoholism and drug abuse.
C) There are no viable treatment options for alcoholism and drug abuse.
D) Pharmacological treatment is ineffective in reducing cravings and relapses among alcoholics.

Question 34

Addiction is ______.

A) a psychobiological illness
B) a social illness
C) a biological illness
D) not an illness

Question 35

The numbers show that illicit drug abuse ______ with criminal behavior.

A) is clearly not associated
B) has a causal association
C) is clearly strongly associated
D) is sometimes associated

Question 36

Residential substance abuse treatment communities are ______.

A) group therapy sessions used by cognitive-behavioral therapy programs
B) the locations where risk assessments take place for evidence-based practices
C) residential settings for drug and alcohol treatment that use the community spirit generated by the influence of peers and various group processes
D) community treatment centers that focus on drug and alcohol treatment

Question 37

Substance-abusing female offenders who planned to live with their minor children were ______ likely to enter CREST and ______ likely to complete CREST.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) less; more
D) more; less

Question 38

How many months do residential substance abuse treatments typically last?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6-12
D) 2-5

Question 39

______ consist of a number of techniques through which someone with problems controlling anger can learn the cause and consequences of that anger.

A) Evidence-based practices
B) Anger management programs
C) Therapeutic community techniques
D) Psychopharmacological approaches

Question 40

Research suggests that anger management programs reduce violent recidivism for program completers versus control subjects by about ______.

A) 3-5%
B) 8-10%
C) 16-18%
D) 27-29%

Question 41

The State of California, in 1997, mandated ______ to be used as treatment for repeat sexual offenders.

A) life sentences
B) chemical castration
C) indeterminate sentences
D) civil commitment

Question 42

How many states have sex offender registration laws?

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 43

The biomedical approach to sex offenders involves so-called chemical castration with the synthetic hormone ______.

A) Superdrol
B) androgen
C) Depo-Provera
D) estrogen

Question 44

A review of 11 meta-analyses covering 353 studies by Kim and colleagues (2016) from 1943 to 2009 found that ______ had the strongest effect in the lower recidivism of sex offenders.

A) surgical castration
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy
C) chemical castration
D) avoidance therapy

Question 45

The effective treatment of sex offenders depends on all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) a thorough assessment
B) identification of deviant arousal patterns
C) chemical castration
D) a polygraph assessment

Question 46

Research demonstrates that mentally ill individuals are ______.

A) more likely to be offenders than victims
B) more likely to be victims than offenders
C) less likely to be convicted for a violent offense
D) more criminal than the general population

Question 47

Which of the following explanations accounts for the overrepresentation of mentally ill populations in the correctional system?

A) mental hospital deinstitutionalization
B) the criminalization of mental illness
C) drug use combined with a greater propensity for violence
D) all of these

Question 48

Studies around the world have found that mentally ill persons (mostly schizophrenics and manic depressives) are at least ______ times more likely to have a conviction for violent offenses than people in general.

A) 3 to 4
B) 1 to 2
C) 5 to 6
D) 8 to 9

Question 49

Mentally ill offenders in jails and prisons are often victimized by other inmates, who call them ______ and exploit them sexually and materially.

A) punks
B) fish
C) marks
D) bugs

Question 50

A type of therapy favored in ______ seeks to make offenders "inward looking" and is designed to get offenders to see themselves as others see them.

A) the United Kingdom
B) Saudi Arabia
C) France
D) Japan

Question 51

The movement from a medical model of corrections to a justice model signaled the death of rehabilitation programs.

Question 52

Prison officials support programming because it prevents inmates from being idle and keeps them out of trouble.

Question 53

The medical model does not acknowledge the existence of any of the external factors associated with criminality.

Question 54

Rehabilitation is based on the medical model.

Question 55

The majority of rehabilitative programming in prisons is based on cognitive-behavioral principles.

Question 56

The needs principle involves an offender's probability of reoffending.

Question 57

The risk, needs, and responsivity (RNR_ model is the premier treatment model in corrections today in the United States and many other countries.

Question 58

The needs principle is how responsive an individual is to treatment and learning style.

Question 59

Providing feedback builds accountability and maintains integrity, ultimately improving outcomes.

Question 60

Offenders' risks and needs are measured and assessed by three different scales.

Question 61

Treatment and rehabilitation should concentrate on static risk factors.

Question 62

The first lesson of cognitive-behavorial therapy (CBT) is that criminals think differently than the rest of us.

Question 63

Clinicians call factors that can be changed (such as attitudes and beliefs) holistic factors.

Question 64

Clinicians call factors that cannot be changed (such as race and ethnicity) static factors.

Question 65

Because of the counseling element inherent in the therapeutic community (TC) approach, life in TCs is relatively easy on inmates.

Question 66

Most therapeutic communities offer short-term opportunities for offender rehabilitation.

Question 67

Heritability is a larger factor in type I alcoholics than in type II alcoholics.

Question 68

According to the bulk of research on the connection between drug use and crime, drug abuse appears to initiate a criminal career.

Question 69

Drug abuse increases the extent and seriousness of criminal activity.

Question 70

Phase III, the final phase in the Delaware Multistage Program, occurs while offenders are still incarcerated.

Question 71

Drug abuse does not appear to initiate a criminal career.

Question 72

Alcohol is involved in over three-quarters of all homicides.

Question 73

A central component of many treatment programs in corrections is anger management.

Question 74

Chemical castration involves the use of the synthetic hormone Depo-Provera and is intended to reduce sexual thoughts, fantasies, and erections by drastically reducing the amount of testosterone produced.

Question 75

Research suggests that chemical castration is more successful than surgical castration for sex offenders.

Question 76

Discuss the historical use of rehabilitation in the U.S. correctional system.

Question 77

Explain the cognitive-behavioral approach and its use in rehabilitation.

Question 78

Explain therapeutic communities and their use.

Question 79

Explain the medical model and its relationship to rehabilitation.

Question 80

Explain the risk, needs, and responsivity model.