Deck 12: Minorities and Corrections

Question 1

The skin color and features of a group of people are referred to as ______.

A) race
B) ethnicity
C) biology
D) physicality

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Race is categorized based on ______.

A) ethnicity
B) skin color
C) language
D) religion

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The genotyping of the whole human race indicates that our species likely originated in ______.

A) Asia
B) Europe
C) Africa
D) North America

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The concept of ethnicity is based on ______.

A) culture
B) skin color
C) biology
D) all of these

Question 5

______ is the treatment of one group differently and unfairly by governmental agencies.

A) Discrimination
B) Racism
C) Prejudice
D) Disparity

Question 6

Treating a group of people differently because of who they are rather than because of their abilities or actions is called ______.

A) discrimination
B) racism
C) prejudice
D) disparity

Question 7

In some parts of the country, minority group members were more likely to be incarcerated when they were ______.

A) convicted of violent crimes
B) convicted of property crimes
C) innocent
D) convicted of embezzlement

Question 8

Ethnic groups ______.

A) are based on biology
B) result in a variation of skin and other features
C) are based on the skin color and features of a group of people
D) have distinct cultures

Question 9

Which of the following is a way that discrimination is linked to law?

A) age
B) race
C) gender
D) all of these

Question 10

______ is the differences between groups of people based on culture.

A) Race
B) Ethnicity
C) Biology
D) Physicality

Question 11

Disparity is ______.

A) the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups
B) differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same
C) discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another
D) all of these

Question 12

Following ______, correctional institutions in the South were devised to maintain the slavery system with newly freed and often unemployed blacks.

A) the Revolutionary War
B) the ratification of the Constitution
C) the Civil War
D) World War II

Question 13

Which court case is widely regarded as an early example of a gross miscarriage of justice and as emblematic of the way African Americans have been treated in racist sectors of this country?

A) Powell v. Alabama
B) Cooper v. Pate
C) Scottsboro v. Alabama
D) Cooper v. Powell

Question 14

Racism practiced by many, if not most, institutional members in criminal justice and other organizations is known as ______.

A) discrimination
B) disparity
C) prisoners' rights
D) institutional racism

Question 15

Discrimination is ______.

A) the differences between groups of people based on culture
B) differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to their behavior or qualifications
C) the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system
D) discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

Question 16

Racism is ______.

A) the differences between groups of people based on culture
B) the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system
C) differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same
D) discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another

Question 17

Slavery of ______ was practiced almost from the settling of the United States.

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Asian Americans

Question 18

The ______ Amendment, adopted in 1865, ended slavery.

A) 11th
B) 13th
C) 15th
D) 17th

Question 19

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, there are currently ______ hate groups in the United States.

A) 438
B) 741
C) 917
D) 1,218

Question 20

African Americans constitute about ______ of state inmates.

A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 45%
D) 55%

Question 21

According to Quigley, ______ of the police stops made by the New York Police Department have been of blacks and Latinos.

A) 60%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 22

According to the U.S. Sentencing Commission, black inmates serve ______ longer than white inmates for the same crime.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 35%

Question 23

According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, a black male born in 2001 has a ______ chance of going to jail.

A) 1 in 2
B) 1 in 3
C) 1 in 4
D) 1 in 10

Question 24

There are ______ federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States.

A) 322
B) 481
C) 566
D) 704

Question 25

The largest subgroup of Hispanics or Latinos in the United States are ______.

A) Mexican Americans
B) Cubans
C) Puerto Ricans
D) Colombians

Question 26

Between the Civil War and World War II, there were approximately ______ lynchings in the southern United States.

A) 1,000
B) 2,000
C) 3,000
D) 4,000

Question 27

In Arizona v. United States (2012), the Supreme Court ______.

A) banned racial profiling
B) required crack cocaine sentences to be the same as those for powdered cocaine
C) upheld the requirement that law enforcement verify immigration status during stops
D) overturned the "travel ban" passed by the Trump administration

Question 28

The first restrictive immigration law in the United States targeted immigrants from ______.

A) China
B) Canada
C) Ireland
D) Mexico

Question 29

The term Hispanic ______.

A) describes variations of skin color and other features
B) refers to any group of people who have distinct traditions and languages
C) refers to any group of people who have a distinct religion and history
D) designates an ethnic group that spans many races and nations of origin, to the point that it may not be descriptive

Question 30

The internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps occurred during ______.

A) the Revolutionary War
B) ratification of the Constitution
C) the Civil War
D) World War II

Question 31

It was not until the ______ that African American and white inmates were treated more similarly.

A) Prisoner Rights Reform Act
B) Prison Litigation Reform Act
C) prisoner rights movement
D) prison litigation reform movement

Question 32

Christopher Columbus, mistakenly believing he was in India, named this group of people in error.

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Asian Americans

Question 33

With regard to incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their representation in the general population?

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Asian Americans

Question 34

According to Bill Quigley and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, since 1970, drug arrests have skyrocketed from 320,000 to close to ______.

A) 500,000
B) 750,000
C) 1.6 million
D) 2.2 million

Question 35

In 2009, there were ______ jails in India.

A) 80
B) 96
C) 100
D) 111

Question 36

______ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizational organizations.

A) The creation of supermax prisons
B) The creation of stricter sex offender laws
C) The war on drugs
D) The increased use of community corrections

Question 37

Michelle Alexander claimed that ______ is the new Jim Crow.

A) racial profiling
B) stop-and-frisk policy
C) mandatory minimum sentencing
D) the war on drugs

Question 38

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, reduced the population of minority groups in correctional populations using a ______ approach.

A) social justice
B) public health
C) restorative justice
D) community board

Question 39

DWB stands for ______.

A) driving while black or brown
B) drunk while black or brown
C) driving while banned
D) none of these

Question 40

Jim Crow laws ______.

A) were devised by Northern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life
B) were devised by Southern states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life
C) were devised by the federal government to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life
D) were devised by Western states to prevent newly freed African American slaves from participating fully in social, economic, and civic life

Question 41

The ______ administration facilitated the war on drugs.

A) Nixon
B) Reagan
C) Bush (Sr.)
D) Clinton

Question 42

The ______ administration initiated the war on crack cocaine.

A) Nixon
B) Reagan
C) Bush (Sr.)
D) Clinton

Question 43

Racial profiling research has indicated ______.

A) that police officers tend to stop older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and minority group members
B) that whites are more likely than Hispanics or African Americans to report having been stopped by police
C) that police stops are never related to the driver's skin color
D) nothing of value in this area

Question 44

Federal sentences for possession of crack cocaine are harsher than those for possession of powder cocaine by a factor of ______.

A) 10 to 1
B) 18 to 1
C) 50 to 1
D) 55 to 1

Question 45

Writer and inmate Victor Hassine (2009), serving a life sentence since 1980, commented that ______.

A) race has not had any impact on his adjustment to prison life
B) race has been only a small part of what he has had to deal with in prison
C) race has been an integral part of his experience of prison life
D) race plays an important role in the experience of prison life only for minority groups, not for white inmates

Question 46

In studies on victimization in prisons, ______.

A) Asians were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates
B) Native Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff
C) Hispanics were more likely to report sexual or physical abuse from other inmates than from staff
D) African Americans were more likely to report sexual or physical violence from staff than from other inmates

Question 47

Crouch (1993) argued that blacks might be more able to accept prison and adjust to it because they are ______.

A) more likely to know someone in alternative sentencing programs
B) more likely to know someone who is housed in prison with them
C) less likely than whites to be threatened in prison
D) all of these

Question 48

Since the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ______.

A) fewer minorities are working for corrections industries than before
B) there are more female staff than male staff
C) the hiring of minorities and women has increased
D) Hispanics have risen as the highest number of staff in jails

Question 49

______ are less likely than other races to participate in sentencing alternatives such as probation.

A) Hispanics
B) Whites
C) African Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 50

In recent years, the number of minorities working in corrections has ______.

A) increased
B) remained constant
C) gone down a bit
D) greatly decreased

Question 51

Historically, in some parts of the United States, minority group members have been more likely to be incarcerated when they were innocent.

Question 52

Discrimination and disparity are different things.

Question 53

Race is essentially the same as ethnicity.

Question 54

The term Hispanic includes non-white Asians.

Question 55

The legacy of racism runs long and deep in the United States.

Question 56

Slavery was a lucrative business for ship owners in the colonial United States in both the North and South.

Question 57

The term Native Americans was coined by Christopher Columbus.

Question 58

The Scottsboro case exemplified the racist attitudes of communities.

Question 59

Larger Native American reservations do not have their own jails.

Question 60

In the history of Mexican Americans, they were forcibly made part of the northern states in America.

Question 61

Chinese labor was crucial to the construction of the first continental railroad.

Question 62

Much like the Chinese, Japanese immigrants provided cheap labor.

Question 63

The internment of Japanese American families was not based on racist-tinged beliefs.

Question 64

Asian Americans tend to be overrepresented in federal facilities in relation to their representation in the general population.

Question 65

Americans are more than willing to recognize the existence of a class system in the United States.

Question 66

Race and traditions of discrimination toward African Americans have stymied their ability to assimilate.

Question 67

During WWII, over 100,000 German Americans were put in internment camps.

Question 68

According to the Supreme Court, law enforcement officials are not required to verify immigration status.

Question 69

The war on drugs reduced the disproportionate representation of minorities in correctional institutions.

Question 70

The war on drugs was initiated by President Nixon.

Question 71

The implementation of the war on drugs has led to the erosion of civil liberties protections regarding search and evidence.

Question 72

Preventing African Americans from voting was a key part of Jim Crow laws.

Question 73

Sentences for crack cocaine possession are now proportionate to sentences for powder cocaine possession.

Question 74

"Driving while black or brown" refers to the police practice of focusing law enforcement on black- or brown-skinned drivers.

Question 75

Asian Americans in prison are most likely to report sexual or physical violence by either staff or an inmate.

Question 76

Define institutional racism. Provide a detailed example of this phenomenon.

Question 77

Explain Jim Crow laws and discuss how they were used.

Question 78

Discuss sentencing in terms of conviction for possession of crack versus powdered cocaine.

Question 79

Discuss the factors that enabled an increase in the employment of minorities in corrections.

Question 80

Discuss slavery and the impact of racism for African Americans in correctional history.